Gramatika ~53 min jezgre preostalo

Ispričati priču s prethodnim događajima

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu složiti priču u kojoj dio događaja objašnjava ono što se dogodilo poslije.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 53 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

14 min

U B1 #1 Past Perfect je stajao u jednoj rečenici uz Past Simple. Prava je priča dulja, i u njoj rade odjednom tri prošla vremena. Svako ima svoju ulogu, i ako ih pomiješaš, slušatelj prestane razumjeti što je za čim slijedilo.

Oblik — sve je poznato. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Tko je za što zadužen:

vrijeme uloga na koje pitanje odgovara primjer
Past Simple lanac događaja što se dogodilo dalje? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous pozadina, radnja u tijeku u tom trenutku što se događalo okolo? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect prethodni događaji što je bilo prije toga? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Priču je zgodno zamisliti kao film. Past Simple pokreće radnju: svaki novi događaj — sljedeći kadar. Past Continuous — kulise, ono što je već trajalo kad je kadar počeo. Past Perfect — kratak pogled unatrag: što se dogodilo prije ove scene i zašto je ona takva.

Kako pronaći točku priče. Pitaj se: o kojem trenutku sada pričam? Sve što se dogodilo u tom trenutku i poslije njega — Past Simple. Sve što je u tom trenutku već trajalo — Past Continuous. Sve što je završilo prije njega — Past Perfect. Točka se pomiče zajedno s radnjom, pa isti događaj na početku priče stoji u Past Simpleu, a odlomak kasnije o njemu se govori već u Past Perfectu.

Veznici koji drže redoslijed:

veznik značenje primjer
when kad When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after nakon što After I had finished the report, I went home.
before prije nego što I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as čim As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time do trenutka kad By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Iza after i before Past Perfect nije obavezan: sam veznik kaže što je bilo prije. After I finished the report, I went home — jednako je točno kao i s had finished. Uz as soon as oba su glagola obično u Past Simpleu: jedan događaj slijedi odmah za drugim.

by the time gotovo uvijek traži Past Perfect u glavnoj rečenici. Znači „do trenutka kad…“, i glavni je događaj do tog trenutka već završio: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Usporedi tri odgovora na pitanje što je sestra radila kad sam došao:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Došao sam — i ona je počela kuhati.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Upravo je kuhala.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Večera je već bila gotova.

Početak je isti, a priče su tri. Razliku čini samo glagolsko vrijeme.

Pravilo mjere. Past Perfect služi da se zakorači unatrag, a ne da se ondje ostane. U dugom opisu prethodnih događaja stavlja se u prvu ili drugu rečenicu, a dalje se prelazi na Past Simple — redoslijed je već jasan:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Redoslijed dijelova je slobodan. Engleski često počinje posljedicom, a onda objašnjava uzrok: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ako dio s veznikom dolazi prvi, iza njega se stavlja zarez: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Kasniji događaj i jest točka priče, i on dobiva Past Simple.

Provjeri se. Što znači When I got home, my sister had made dinner: je li počela kuhati pred tobom ili je večera već stajala na stolu? Treba li Past Perfect u After I ___ (finish), I went home? Koje vrijeme obično stoji u glavnoj rečenici uz by the time?

prikaži odgovore
večera je već bila gotova; nije obavezan — točno je i finished i had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Hrvatsko „do trenutka kad…“ navodi na suvišni when, ali u by the time „kad“ je već sadržan.

2

while umjesto by the time

✗ While we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

U razgovornom hrvatskom „dok“ stoji i uz svršeni glagol: „Dok smo stigli, trgovina se već zatvorila.“ Engleski while ide samo uz radnju koja traje (A2 #2); „dok“ u ovom značenju je by the time.

3

Jednostavno prošlo vrijeme umjesto pozadine

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — na engleskom to znači: ušao sam, i tada su svi sjeli za stol i počeli razgovarati. Ako si htio reći „svi su sjedili i razgovarali“, treba ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. U hrvatskom tu razliku nosi glagolski vid („sjedili“ — „sjeli“), a u engleskom — vrijeme.

4

Present Perfect usred priče

✗ By the time we got there, the shop has closed

✓ By the time we got there, the shop had closed

„Trgovina se već zatvorila“ je hrvatski perfekt, pa ruka napiše has closed (B1 #1). U priči o prošlosti korak unatrag ide s had, a ne s has.

Izgovor

4 min

Duga rečenica dijeli se na smislene skupine, a između njih je kratka stanka:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Stanka stoji na granici dijelova, obično ondje gdje je u pisanju zarez ili veznik. Između subjekta i predikata stanke nema.

Na kraju prvog dijela glas se malo podiže — to je znak „nastavlja se“. Pada tek na kraju cijele rečenice. Ako spustiš glas iza By the time I got to the office, slušatelj će pomisliti da si završio.

had je u prethodnim događajima slab — /həd/, iza zamjenice samo /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Prikaži odgovore
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Odabir.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Spoji dvije rečenice

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Prepiši tako da počneš posljedicom.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Razvij natuknicu u potpun odgovor

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Prikaži odgovore
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Do trenutka kad smo stigli, svi su već otišli. 2) Kad sam ušao, svi su sjedili za stolom i razgovarali. 3) Čim sam vidio poruku, nazvao sam ga. 4) Nisam čuo budilicu jer sam radio do dva ujutro.

Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: tri prošla vremena u jednoj priči, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, pravilo mjere, redoslijed „posljedica — uzrok“. Slijedi lekcija 3: točna granica između Present Perfecta i Past Simplea.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 75

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

15 riječi
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ budilica
  • set /set/ namjestiti, postaviti
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ prezentacija
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ zaspati
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ probuditi se
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ skočiti na noge
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ kišobran
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ okrenuti se
  • board /bɔːd/ ploča
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolega, kolegica
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ menadžer, voditelj
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ čim
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ na kraju, napokon
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ očekivati najgore
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ izgubiti kontakt

Pisanje

Šest-osam rečenica — priča o jutru ili danu koji je pošao po zlu. Trebaju sva tri vremena: lanac događaja, pozadina i prethodni događaji.

Uzorak

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Kontrolna lista

Skica je spremljena na ovom uređaju
Oglas

Vježbajte ovu lekciju u drugim odjeljcima

Diktatna temelju ove lekcije Zapišite što čujete. Provjera pokazuje svaku riječ koja se razlikuje i kako. Pišite diktat Čitanje naglasna temelju ove lekcije Pročitajte tekst lekcije naglas — prepoznavanje govora označit će riječi koje nije uhvatilo. Čitajte tekst naglas Čitanje i slušanjeA1–C1 Tekstovi na svakoj razini s pitanjima za razumijevanje; transkript se otvara nakon odgovora. Probajte

Imate ideju za novu značajku?

Pošalji ideju
Oglas
Oglas