Tatabahasa ~53 min daripada teras tinggal

Menceritakan kisah dengan latar belakang

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh membina cerita yang sebahagian peristiwanya menerangkan apa yang berlaku kemudian.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 53 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

14 min

Dalam B1 #1 Past Perfect berdiri dalam satu ayat bersama Past Simple. Cerita sebenar lebih panjang, dan di dalamnya tiga kala lampau bekerja serentak. Setiap satu ada peranannya, dan jika dicampuradukkan, pendengar tidak lagi faham apa yang berlaku selepas apa.

Bentuk — semuanya sudah dikenali. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Peranan setiap kala:

kala peranan menjawab soalan apa contoh
Past Simple rantaian peristiwa apa yang berlaku seterusnya? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous latar, proses pada saat itu apa yang sedang berlaku di sekeliling? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect latar belakang apa yang berlaku sebelum itu? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Cerita mudah dibayangkan sebagai filem. Past Simple menggerakkan jalan cerita: setiap peristiwa baharu — babak seterusnya. Past Continuous — latar pentas, apa yang sudah berjalan ketika babak bermula. Past Perfect — imbas kembali yang singkat: apa yang berlaku sebelum babak ini dan mengapa babak ini begini.

Cara mencari titik cerita. Tanya diri anda: saat mana yang sedang saya ceritakan? Semua yang berlaku pada saat itu dan selepasnya — Past Simple. Semua yang sedang berjalan pada saat itu — Past Continuous. Semua yang selesai sebelumnya — Past Perfect. Titik ini bergerak bersama jalan cerita, jadi peristiwa yang sama pada awal kisah berada dalam Past Simple, dan satu perenggan kemudian ia diingat semula dalam Past Perfect.

Kata hubung yang menjaga urutan:

kata hubung maksud contoh
when apabila, semasa When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after selepas After I had finished the report, I went home.
before sebelum I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as sebaik sahaja As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time menjelang, pada masa By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Selepas after dan before Past Perfect tidak wajib: kata hubung itu sendiri memberitahu apa yang berlaku dahulu. After I finished the report, I went home — sama betulnya dengan had finished. Dengan as soon as kedua-dua kata kerja biasanya dalam Past Simple: satu peristiwa datang sejurus selepas yang lain.

by the time hampir selalu menuntut Past Perfect dalam bahagian utama. Maksudnya “pada saat apabila…”, dan peristiwa utama sudah selesai menjelang saat itu: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Bandingkan tiga jawapan kepada soalan apa yang dibuat oleh kakak saya semasa saya sampai:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Saya sampai — lalu dia mula memasak.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Dia sedang memasak.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Makan malam sudah siap.

Permulaannya satu, tetapi ceritanya tiga. Perbezaannya dibuat oleh kala kata kerja sahaja.

Peraturan sukatan. Past Perfect diperlukan untuk melangkah ke belakang, bukan untuk kekal di sana. Dalam latar belakang yang panjang ia diletakkan dalam ayat pertama atau kedua, dan selepas itu beralih kepada Past Simple — urutannya sudah jelas:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Susunan bahagian bebas. Bahasa Inggeris sering bermula dengan akibat, kemudian menerangkan sebabnya: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Jika bahagian dengan kata hubung datang dahulu, selepasnya diletakkan koma: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Peristiwa yang lebih kemudian itulah titik cerita, dan ia dalam Past Simple.

Uji diri anda. Apakah maksud When I got home, my sister had made dinner: dia mula memasak di hadapan anda, atau makan malam sudah terhidang di atas meja? Adakah Past Perfect diperlukan dalam After I ___ (finish), I went home? Kala apa yang biasanya terdapat dalam bahagian utama selepas by the time?

tunjukkan jawapan
makan malam sudah siap; tidak wajib — finished dan had finished kedua-duanya betul; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

Past Simple sebagai ganti latar

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — dalam bahasa Inggeris maksudnya: saya masuk, lalu semua orang duduk di meja dan mula berbual. Jika yang dimaksudkan “semua orang sedang duduk dan berbual”, perlu ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Dalam bahasa Melayu “sedang” boleh ditinggalkan dan ayatnya tetap jelas; dalam bahasa Inggeris latar dibawa oleh bentuk was / were + -ing.

2

was + bentuk lampau

✗ When I came in, she was cooked dinner

✓ When I came in, she was cooking dinner

was mudah dianggap sebagai penanda masa lampau, lalu kata kerja diberi bentuk lampau juga. Untuk latar diperlukan was + -ing.

3

have sebagai ganti had

✗ I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys

✓ I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys

“Sudah hilang” terus mengingatkan kepada have lost, tetapi cerita berlaku pada masa lampau: latar belakangnya dalam had.

4

already selepas by the time

✗ By the time we arrived, the shop already closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

“Kedai sudah tutup” — “sudah” sahaja tidak memadai; dalam bahagian utama selepas by the time diperlukan had + bentuk ketiga.

Sebutan

4 min

Ayat yang panjang dibahagikan kepada kumpulan makna, dan di antaranya ada jeda yang singkat:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Jeda terletak di sempadan bahagian, biasanya di tempat koma atau kata hubung dalam tulisan. Di antara subjek dan predikat jeda tidak dibuat.

Di hujung bahagian pertama suara naik sedikit — ini tanda “bersambung”. Suara turun hanya di hujung seluruh ayat. Jika suara diturunkan selepas By the time I got to the office, pendengar akan menyangka anda sudah habis bercakap.

had dalam latar belakang lemah — /həd/, selepas kata ganti nama hanya /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Teks

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

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Latihan

30 min

1. Isian tempat kosong.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Tunjukkan jawapan
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Aneka pilihan.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Tunjukkan jawapan
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Gabungkan dua ayat

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Tunjukkan jawapan
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Tunjukkan jawapan
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Tulis semula dengan bermula daripada akibat.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Tunjukkan jawapan
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Kembangkan petunjuk menjadi jawapan penuh

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Tunjukkan jawapan
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Menjelang kami sampai, semua orang sudah pergi. 2) Semasa saya masuk, semua orang sedang duduk di meja dan berbual. 3) Sebaik sahaja saya nampak mesej itu, saya menelefon dia (lelaki). 4) Saya tidak dengar jam loceng kerana saya bekerja hingga pukul dua pagi.

Tunjukkan jawapan
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari: tiga kala lampau dalam satu cerita, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, peraturan sukatan, susunan “akibat — sebab”. Seterusnya — pelajaran 3: sempadan yang tepat bagi Present Perfect.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 75

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

15 perkataan
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ jam loceng
  • set /set/ memasang, menetapkan
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ pembentangan
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ tertidur
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ bangun (tidur)
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ melompat bangun
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ payung
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ berpaling
  • board /bɔːd/ papan
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ rakan sekerja
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ pengurus
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ sebaik sahaja
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ akhirnya
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ menjangkakan yang paling buruk
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ terputus hubungan

Penulisan

Enam hingga lapan ayat — cerita tentang pagi atau hari yang tidak berjalan seperti dirancang. Ketiga-tiga kala diperlukan: rantaian peristiwa, latar dan latar belakang.

Contoh

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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