문법 핵심 ~53분 남음

앞선 사정까지 담아 이야기하기

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일부 사건이 그 뒤에 일어난 일을 설명해 주는 이야기를 엮을 수 있습니다.

수업 시작 핵심 53분 · 단계: 6 · 선택: +2

표시된 핵심 시간. 두 개의 핵심 블록은 시간이 표시되지 않으므로 실제 레슨은 합계보다 깁니다.

문법

14분

B1 1과에서 Past Perfect는 한 문장 안에서 Past Simple 옆에 있었습니다. 실제 이야기는 더 길고, 그 안에서는 세 가지 과거 시제가 한꺼번에 일합니다. 저마다 맡은 역할이 있어서, 섞어 버리면 듣는 사람은 무엇이 무엇 다음에 일어났는지 알 수 없게 됩니다.

형태 — 모두 아는 것입니다. Past Simple(A2 1과): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 2과): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect(B1 1과): I had left.

무엇이 무엇을 맡는가:

시제 역할 어떤 질문에 답하는가 예
Past Simple 사건의 연쇄 그다음에 무슨 일이 있었나? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous 배경, 그 순간 진행 중이던 일 주변에서 무슨 일이 벌어지고 있었나? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect 앞선 사정 그 전에 무슨 일이 있었나? I had forgotten my umbrella.

이야기를 영화라고 생각하면 편합니다. Past Simple은 줄거리를 움직입니다: 새로운 사건 하나하나가 다음 장면입니다. Past Continuous는 배경 — 장면이 시작될 때 이미 진행되던 것입니다. Past Perfect는 잠깐 뒤를 돌아보는 시선 — 이 장면 전에 무슨 일이 있었고, 왜 장면이 이렇게 되었는지입니다.

이야기의 기준점 찾기. 스스로 물어보십시오: 나는 지금 어느 순간을 이야기하고 있는가? 그 순간과 그 뒤에 일어난 일은 모두 Past Simple. 그 순간 이미 진행되던 일은 Past Continuous. 그 전에 끝난 일은 Past Perfect. 기준점은 줄거리와 함께 움직이기 때문에, 같은 일이 이야기 처음에는 Past Simple로 나오고, 한 단락 뒤에 다시 떠올릴 때는 Past Perfect로 나옵니다.

순서를 잡아 주는 접속사:

접속사 뜻 예
when ~할 때 When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after ~한 뒤에 After I had finished the report, I went home.
before ~하기 전에 I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as ~하자마자 As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time ~할 무렵에는 (이미) By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

after와 before 뒤에서는 Past Perfect가 꼭 필요하지 않습니다: 접속사 자체가 무엇이 먼저인지 말해 줍니다. After I finished the report, I went home — had finished를 쓴 문장과 똑같이 맞습니다. as soon as에서는 보통 두 동사 모두 Past Simple입니다: 한 일이 다른 일 바로 뒤에 이어지기 때문입니다.

by the time은 거의 언제나 주절에 Past Perfect를 요구합니다. '~했을 때쯤에는 (이미)'라는 뜻이고, 주된 일은 그 순간 이미 끝나 있습니다: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

내가 집에 왔을 때 여동생이 무엇을 하고 있었는지, 세 가지 대답을 비교해 보십시오:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. 내가 오자 그때 요리를 시작했어요.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. 마침 요리하고 있었어요.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. 저녁이 이미 다 되어 있었어요.

시작은 같은데 이야기는 셋입니다. 차이를 만드는 것은 동사의 시제뿐입니다.

절제의 규칙. Past Perfect는 뒤로 한 걸음 가기 위한 것이지, 거기 머물기 위한 것이 아닙니다. 긴 사연에서는 첫 한두 문장에 쓰고, 그다음은 Past Simple로 넘어갑니다 — 순서는 이미 분명하니까요:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

두 부분의 순서는 자유롭습니다. 영어는 흔히 결과부터 말하고 그다음에 이유를 설명합니다: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. 접속사가 있는 부분이 먼저 오면 그 뒤에 쉼표를 찍습니다: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

이렇게 말하지 않습니다. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. 더 나중의 일이 바로 이야기의 기준점이고, 거기에는 Past Simple을 씁니다.

확인해 보십시오. When I got home, my sister had made dinner는 무슨 뜻입니까: 여동생이 내가 보는 앞에서 요리를 시작했습니까, 아니면 저녁이 이미 식탁에 차려져 있었습니까? Past Perfect가 After I ___ (finish), I went home에 꼭 필요합니까? by the time 뒤의 주절에는 보통 어떤 시제가 옵니까?

정답 보기
저녁이 이미 다 되어 있었습니다; 꼭 필요하지는 않습니다 — finished도 had finished도 맞습니다; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
광고

한국어 화자의 오류

사용자 언어로 작성됨
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

'우리가 도착했을 때쯤'의 '때'를 옮기려고 when을 붙이기 쉽지만, by the time 안에 '때'가 이미 들어 있습니다.

2

배경을 단순한 과거로 말함

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — 영어로는 내가 들어가자 그때 모두 자리에 앉아 이야기를 시작했다는 뜻입니다. '다들 앉아서 이야기하고 있었다'라고 하려면 ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking이 필요합니다. 한국어에서는 '그때 뭐 했어? — 밥 먹었어'처럼 진행 중이던 일도 그냥 과거형으로 말할 때가 많아서 진행형을 빼먹기 쉽습니다(A2 2과).

3

사연의 모든 문장에 Past Perfect

I had met Anna in Edinburgh. We had worked together. We had shared a flat… 틀린 곳은 없지만 이야기가 무거워지고, 원어민은 이렇게 쓰지 않습니다. 학교에서 '더 앞선 과거는 had + 과거분사'라고 외워 두면 '그 전'의 일마다 붙이고 싶어집니다. had가 있는 첫 문장이면 충분하고, 그다음은 Past Simple입니다.

4

언제나 이유부터

한국어는 한 문장 안에서 '열쇠를 잃어버려서 들어가지 못했다'처럼 보통 이유를 앞에 둡니다. 그래서 영어로도 늘 Because I had lost my keys, I couldn't get in으로 시작하기 쉽습니다. 틀린 문장은 아니지만, 영어는 결과를 먼저 말하는 순서를 즐겨 씁니다: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. 무슨 일이 있었는지가 중요하고 이유는 덧붙이는 설명일 때 이 순서가 더 자연스럽습니다.

발음

4분

긴 문장은 뜻의 덩어리로 나뉘고, 그 사이에서 짧게 쉽니다:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

쉼은 두 부분의 경계, 보통 글에서 쉼표나 접속사가 있는 자리에 둡니다. 주어와 서술어 사이에서는 쉬지 않습니다.

첫 부분 끝에서는 목소리를 살짝 올립니다 — '아직 끝나지 않았다'는 신호입니다. 목소리는 문장 전체가 끝날 때만 내려갑니다. By the time I got to the office 뒤에서 목소리를 내리면, 듣는 사람은 말이 끝났다고 생각합니다.

앞선 사정을 말하는 had는 약합니다 — /həd/, 대명사 뒤에서는 그냥 /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

광고

본문

5분

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

연습 문제

30분

1. 빈칸 채우기.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
정답 보기
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. 고르기.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
정답 보기
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. 한 문장으로 잇기.

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
정답 보기
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. 오류 찾기.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
정답 보기
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. 결과부터 말하도록 다시 쓰기.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
정답 보기
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. 힌트를 완전한 대답으로 펼치기.

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
정답 보기
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. 영어로 옮기기.

1) 우리가 도착했을 무렵에는 모두 이미 떠나고 없었어요. 2) 제가 들어갔을 때 모두 식탁에 앉아서 이야기하고 있었어요. 3) 메시지를 보자마자 그에게 전화했어요. 4) 새벽 두 시까지 일해서 알람을 못 들었어요.

정답 보기
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
광고

정리

이번 과에서 다룬 내용: 한 이야기 속의 세 가지 과거 시제, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, 절제의 규칙, '결과 — 이유' 순서. 다음은 3과: 현재완료의 정확한 경계.

핵심 종료

연습을 마치면 수업이 완료됩니다. 이후 내용은 선택 사항입니다.

수업 75

선택

단어 카드

단어 15개
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ 알람, 자명종
  • set /set/ (알람 등을) 맞추다, 설정하다
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ 발표, 프레젠테이션
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ 잠들다
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ 잠에서 깨다
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ 벌떡 일어나다
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ 우산
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ 뒤돌아보다
  • board /bɔːd/ 보드, 칠판
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ 동료
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ 관리자, 매니저
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ ~하자마자
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ 마침내, 마지막으로
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ 최악을 각오하다
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ 연락이 끊기다

쓰기

여섯~여덟 문장으로, 일이 꼬여 버린 아침이나 하루에 대해 이야기를 쓰십시오. 세 가지 시제가 모두 필요합니다: 사건의 연쇄, 배경, 앞선 사정.

예시

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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