Gramatika ~53 min od osnove preostalo

Ispričati priču sa predistorijom

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Mogu da sastavim priču u kojoj deo događaja objašnjava ono što se desilo posle.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 53 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

14 min

U B1 #1 Past Perfect je stajao u jednoj rečenici pored Past Simplea. Prava priča je duža, i u njoj rade tri prošla vremena odjednom. Svako ima svoju ulogu, i ako se pomešaju, slušalac više ne razume šta je za čim usledilo.

Oblik — sve je poznato. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Ko je za šta zadužen:

vreme uloga na koje pitanje odgovara primer
Past Simple lanac događaja šta se desilo dalje? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous pozadina, radnja u toku u tom trenutku šta se dešavalo okolo? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect predistorija šta je bilo pre toga? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Priču je zgodno zamisliti kao film. Past Simple pokreće radnju: svaki novi događaj je sledeći kadar. Past Continuous je scenografija, ono što je već trajalo kad je kadar počeo. Past Perfect je kratak pogled unazad: šta se desilo pre ove scene i zašto je ona takva.

Kako pronaći tačku priče. Pitaj se: o kom trenutku sada pričam? Sve što se desilo u tom trenutku i posle njega — Past Simple. Sve što je u tom trenutku već trajalo — Past Continuous. Sve što se završilo pre njega — Past Perfect. Tačka se pomera zajedno sa radnjom, zato isti događaj na početku priče stoji u Past Simpleu, a pasus kasnije ga se sećaju već u Past Perfectu.

Veznici koji drže redosled:

veznik značenje primer
when kad, kada When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after pošto, nakon što After I had finished the report, I went home.
before pre nego što I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as čim As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time do trenutka kad By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Posle after i before Past Perfect nije obavezan: sam veznik kaže šta je bilo ranije. After I finished the report, I went home — jednako je tačno kao sa had finished. Sa as soon as oba glagola obično stoje u Past Simpleu: jedan događaj ide odmah za drugim.

by the time skoro uvek traži Past Perfect u glavnoj rečenici. Znači „do trenutka kad…“, i glavni događaj se do tog trenutka već završio: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Uporedi tri odgovora na pitanje šta je sestra radila kad sam ja došao:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Došao sam — i ona je počela da sprema večeru.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Baš je spremala večeru.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Večera je već bila gotova.

Početak je isti, a priče su tri. Razliku pravi samo glagolsko vreme.

Pravilo mere. Past Perfect služi da se zakorači unazad, a ne da se tamo ostane. U dugoj predistoriji stavlja se u prvoj-drugoj rečenici, a dalje se prelazi na Past Simple — redosled je već jasan:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Redosled delova je slobodan. Engleski često počinje posledicom, a zatim objašnjava uzrok: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ako deo sa veznikom ide prvi, posle njega stoji zarez: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Kasniji događaj je upravo tačka priče, on ide u Past Simple.

Proveri se. Šta znači When I got home, my sister had made dinner: da li je počela da sprema večeru pred tobom ili je večera već bila na stolu? Da li je Past Perfect potreban u After I ___ (finish), I went home? Koje vreme obično stoji u glavnoj rečenici posle by the time?

prikaži odgovore
večera je već bila gotova; nije obavezan — tačno je i finished i had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Srpsko „do trenutka kad…“ navodi na suvišno when, ali u by the time to „kad“ već postoji.

2

„Dok“ kao while

„Dok smo stigli, prodavnica se zatvorila“ — u ovoj rečenici „dok“ znači „do trenutka kad“, a ne „za vreme dok“. Zato ✗ While we arrived, the shop had closed nije ono što si hteo da kažeš: ✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed. while je samo za dve radnje koje traju istovremeno (A2 #2).

3

Prosto prošlo vreme umesto pozadine

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked na engleskom znači: ušao sam, i tada su svi seli za sto i počeli da razgovaraju. Ako si hteo da kažeš „svi su sedeli i razgovarali“, treba ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. U srpskom tu razliku nosi glagolski vid („sedeli“ — „seli“), a u engleskom — vreme.

4

have u priči o prošlosti

✗ I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys

✓ I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys

„Izgubio sam ključeve“ je srpski perfekat, koji se gradi kao have lost, pa ruka sama napiše have. Ali priča je u prošlosti, i korak unazad od nje traži had.

Izgovor

4 min

Duga rečenica se deli na smisaone celine, a između njih je kratka pauza:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pauza stoji na granici delova, obično tamo gde je u pisanju zarez ili veznik. Između subjekta i predikata se ne pravi.

Na kraju prvog dela glas se malo podiže — to je znak „sledi nastavak“. Spušta se tek na kraju cele rečenice. Ako spustiš glas posle By the time I got to the office, slušalac će pomisliti da si završio.

had u predistoriji je slab — /həd/, posle zamenice samo /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Prikaži odgovore
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Izbor.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Spoji dve rečenice

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Prepiši tako da počneš posledicom.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Razvij podsticaj u pun odgovor

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Prikaži odgovore
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Do trenutka kad smo stigli, svi su već otišli. 2) Kad sam ušao, svi su sedeli za stolom i razgovarali. 3) Čim sam video poruku, pozvao sam ga. 4) Nisam čuo budilnik jer sam radio do dva ujutru.

Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: tri prošla vremena u jednoj priči, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, pravilo mere, redosled „posledica — uzrok“. Sledi lekcija 3: tačna granica perfekta.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 75

opciono

Reči za špil

15 reči
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ budilnik
  • set /set/ namestiti, podesiti
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ prezentacija
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ zaspati
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ probuditi se
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ skočiti na noge
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ kišobran
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ okrenuti se
  • board /bɔːd/ tabla
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolega, koleginica
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ menadžer
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ čim
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ na kraju, najzad
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ očekivati najgore
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ izgubiti kontakt

Pisanje

Šest-osam rečenica — priča o jutru ili danu koji je krenuo naopako. Potrebna su sva tri vremena: lanac događaja, pozadina i predistorija.

Primer

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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