Grammatika ~55 min tuumikust jäänud

Rääkida kohustusest ja oskusest

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan täpselt öelda, mida ma pean tegema, mida mul pole vaja teha ja mis mul õnnestus.

Alusta tundi Tuum 55 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

16 min

Tund kogub kokku kaks teemat, mis A2 tasemel jäid poolikuks. Esimene — oskus ja õnnestumine: can-il (A1 #20) on liiga vähe vorme. Teine — reeglid: must-ile, have to-le (A2 #10) ja should-ile (A2 #11) lisanduvad „nii on ette nähtud“, „nii tohib“ ja „seda pole vaja“.

be able to — oskus igas ajavormis. can-il on ainult kaks vormi: can ja could. Tulevikku, perfekti ega teise verbi järel seisvat vormi tal pole — seal töötab be able to.

tulevik I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfekt I haven't been able to sleep this week.
teise verbi järel I'd like to be able to speak French.
modaalverbi järel You might be able to get a ticket online.
minevik I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Olevikus öeldakse tavaliselt can: I can swim kõlab loomulikumalt kui I'm able to swim.

Oskasin või õnnestus? Minevikus eristab inglise keel oskust ja ühekordset õnnestumist. Eesti keeles on selleks samuti eri sõnad — „oskasin“ ja „suutsin“, „sain hakkama“ —, kuid „sain“ võib tähendada mõlemat. could — oskus üldiselt, mingi aja jooksul: I could read when I was four. Õnnestumine ühel konkreetsel korral — was able to või managed to. managed to rõhutab: oli raske, aga õnnestus.

I could swim when I was six. Oskasin kuueaastaselt ujuda.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Suutsin paadini ujuda — sel korral.

Eituses seda vahet pole, couldn't sobib alati: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Tajuverbidega see, hear on could ka ühekordse juhtumi kohta normaalne: I could hear music next door.

was able to ja managed to on jaatuses peaaegu võrdsed, kuid managed to räägib otse raskusest ja pingutusest. Seepärast saadavad seda nii sageli but ja in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Kui raskust polnud, öeldakse tavaliselt lihtsalt Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — nii on ette nähtud, nii lepiti kokku. Kohustus ei tule rääkijalt ega seadusest, vaid reeglitest, kokkuleppest või teiste ootustest. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — nii on kombeks. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — nii on kokku lepitud. Sageli on selles vormis kuulda, et tegelikult läheb teisiti: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Minevikus on see peaaegu alati „pidi, aga ei juhtunud“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — aga tuli kell seitse. not supposed to — pehme keeld reeglite järgi, pehmem kui mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed on siin omadussõna, seepärast on be alati vaja: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Võrdle have to-ga. I have to be at work at nine — mul pole valikut: kui jään hiljaks, tuleb pahandus. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — selline on reegel, kuid see kõlab nii, nagu saaks seda rikkuda ja võib-olla ma rikungi. Seepärast sobib be supposed to hästi, kui seletad, miks midagi ei läinud plaani järgi.

be allowed to — nii tohib, see on lubatud. Luba annab keegi teine: reeglid, seadus, vanemad, ülemus. allowed on verbi allow „lubama“ kolmas vorm, nii et ehituselt on see passiiv, tuttav teatest Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): mitte „ma luban“, vaid „mul on lubatud“. be muutub isikute ja aegade järgi, allowed to + verb jääb samaks.

jaatus We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
eitus You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
küsimus Are we allowed to take photos?
minevik I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
tulevik Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can või be allowed to? Olevikus öeldakse loa kohta sageli lihtsalt can: You can park here after six. be allowed to rõhutab, et luba tuleb reeglitest või teiselt inimeselt, ja kõlab seepärast täpsemalt, kui reeglitest teatatakse või nende kohta küsitakse: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Tulevikus ja perfektis pole can-il vormi, ja be allowed to on kohustuslik — samamoodi nagu be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Mineviku kohta on piir sama mis could-il ja managed to-l: could — luba üldiselt, pikaks ajaks (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — luba ühel korral (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to või allowed to? Mõlemad vormid räägivad reeglitest, aga eri asjadest. supposed to — mida on ette nähtud teha, allowed to — mida tohib. Eituses on vahe tugevuses:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. nii on ette nähtud: see on kohustus
You're allowed to bring one bag. nii tohib: see on luba
You're not supposed to park here. nii ei ole ette nähtud — pehmelt, ja paljud pargivad ikkagi
You're not allowed to park here. keelatud — otse, ilma mööndusteta

don't need to — pole vajadust. See on sama mis don't have to (A2 #10): võib jätta tegemata. need on siin tavaline verb to-ga, seepärast moodustatakse eitus, küsimus ja minevik do-ga: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Ära aja seda segi mustn't-i ja not allowed to-ga — „ei tohi“: You don't need to come — võid jätta tulemata; You aren't allowed to come — tulla on keelatud.

Kogu skaala ühe näitega:

I must finish today. otsustasin ise nii
I have to finish today. asjaolud nõuavad
I'm supposed to finish today. nii lepiti kokku — aga kas jõuan?
I should finish today. oleks õige
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. lubati lõpetada homme
I don't need to finish today. võin jätta tegemata
I mustn't forget the figures. ei tohi

Nii ei öelda. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need on tavaline verb, ja selle järel on vaja to-d.

Kontrolli ennast. could või managed to: „oli raske, aga ma jõudsin rongile“? Mida tähendab The film was supposed to start at eight? Kuidas öelda „meil ei lubata tööl telefone kasutada“?

näita vastuseid
managed to — õnnestumine ühel korral: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; film pidi algama kell kaheksa, kuid algas hiljem või ei alanud üldse; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

Kaks modaalverbi järjest

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Eesti keeles tulevikuvormi pole („suveks oskan ujuda“), ja kui on selge, et tulevikku märgib will, pannakse see lihtsalt can-i ette. Kuid kaht modaalverbi järjest inglise keeles ei ole; teise koha võtab be able to.

2

could ühekordse õnnestumise kohta

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

Eesti „sain“ on sõnastikus can, ja „sain eksami tehtud“ tõlgitakse kergesti could-iga. Kuid jaatuses tähendab could oskust üldse. Ühe korra õnnestumise puhul mõtle eesti „suutsin“, „sain hakkama“ peale — see on managed to.

3

„Pidi“ kui had to

The train had to arrive at six on õige inglise keel, kuid tähendab sundi: rong oli kohustatud kuueks kohal olema. „Rong pidi kuuel saabuma (aga hilines)“ on ✓ The train was supposed to arrive at six. Eesti „pidi“ katab nii kohustuse kui ka plaani, mis ei täitunud; inglise keeles on need eri vormid.

4

supposed to ja allowed to ilma be-ta

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. supposed ja allowed näevad välja nagu minevikuvormid, ja 'm sulab kõnes nendega kokku. Kuid mõlemad vajavad be-d, ja eitus käib selle kaudu: aren't allowed, mitte don't allowed. Samal põhjusel kaob kirjas -d: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to.

5

Umbisikuline „ei ole lubatud“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Eesti „siin ei ole lubatud suitsetada“ on umbisikuline, ja lauset tahaks alustada It-iga. Kuid be allowed to alus on see, kellele lubatakse või keelatakse: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Kui tahad nimetada keelatud asja ennast, saab see aluseks: Pets aren't allowed; sildil on lihtsalt No smoking.

Hääldus

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d ja t sulavad üheks /t/-ks. Esimene silp on rõhuta — /sə/, rõhk on teisel: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, rõhulise /eɪ/-ga, nagu sõnas table. be able to hääldatakse tervikuna, ühe hingetõmbega: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — nõrk /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ /t/ ees peaaegu kaob. Samuti allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ ja /t/ sulavad kokku, nagu supposed to puhul. allowed kõlab nagu loud, mille ees on nõrk /ə/ — ja täpselt samamoodi nagu aloud „valjusti“.

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Tekst

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

30 min

1. Lünkharjutus.

  1. I swim when I was five. (oskasin)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (tulevik)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (praegu)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (ei saanud)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Näita vastuseid
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Valik.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Näita vastuseid
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Kirjuta ümber be able to-ga

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfekt)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfekt)
Näita vastuseid
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Kirjuta ümber be supposed to-ga.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Näita vastuseid
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Kirjuta ümber be allowed to või don't need to abil.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (tulevik)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (küsi reeglite kohta)
Näita vastuseid
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Vea leidmine.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Näita vastuseid
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Vasta täislausetega

— enda kohta. Allolevad vastused on näidis. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Näita vastuseid
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Kuu aja pärast suudan ma inglise keelt vabamalt rääkida. 2) Oli raske, aga me jõudsime viimasele rongile. 3) Rong pidi saabuma kell kuus. 4) Sul pole vaja homme tulla. 5) Siin ei ole ette nähtud suitsetada.

Näita vastuseid
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: be able to kõigis ajavormides ja teiste verbide järel, could versus managed to ja was able to; reeglid — be supposed to olevikus ja minevikus, be allowed to versus can ja not supposed to, don't need to versus mustn't, kogu kohustuse skaala. Edasi —

  1. tund: tundide 7–11 kordamine.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 84

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

14 sõna
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ suutma, saama (midagi teha)
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ suutma, hakkama saama
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ pidama (reeglite või kokkuleppe järgi)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ tohtima, olema lubatud
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ sülearvuti
  • fix /fɪks/ parandama
  • save /seɪv/ salvestama
  • file /faɪl/ fail
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ arvud
  • straight /streɪt/ otse, kohe
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ ööseks
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ prillid
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ tuletõrjuja
  • locked /lɒkt/ lukus, lukustatud

Kirjutamine

Viis-kuus lauset päevast, mis ei läinud plaani järgi: mida sa pidid tegema, mida ei suutnud, mis siiski õnnestus ja mida nüüd pole vaja teha.

Näidis

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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