Grammatik ~55 min af kernen tilbage

Tale om pligt og evne

Efter denne lektion kan du

Jeg kan sige præcist, hvad jeg skal, hvad jeg ikke behøver, og hvad det er lykkedes mig at gøre.

Start lektionen Kerne 55 min · trin: 6 · valgfri: +2

Angivet kernemængde. To af kerneblokkene har ingen tid, så den reelle lektion er længere end summen.

Grammatik

16 min

Lektionen samler to emner, som stod ufærdige tilbage på A2. Det første er evne og held: can (lektion A1 #20) har for få former. Det andet er regler: til must, have to (lektion A2 #10) og should (lektion A2 #11) kommer »sådan skal det være«, »det må man gerne« og »det behøver man ikke«.

be able to — evne i alle tider. can har kun to former: can og could. Fremtid, førnutid og en form efter et andet verbum har det ikke — der træder be able to til.

fremtid I'll be able to swim by the summer.
førnutid I haven't been able to sleep this week.
efter et andet verbum I'd like to be able to speak French.
efter et modalverbum You might be able to get a ticket online.
datid I wasn't able to come yesterday.

I nutid siger man som regel can: I can swim lyder mere naturligt end I'm able to swim.

Kunne eller lykkedes? I datid skelner engelsk mellem to ting, som dansk tit samler i »kunne«. could er en evne i almindelighed, over en vis periode: I could read when I was four. Held i ét bestemt tilfælde er was able to eller managed to. managed to understreger: det var svært, men det lykkedes.

I could swim when I was six. Kunne svømme som seksårig.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Det lykkedes at svømme ud til båden — den gang.

I nægtelsen er der ingen forskel, couldn't passer altid: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Med sanseverberne see, hear er could også i orden om et enkelt tilfælde: I could hear music next door.

was able to og managed to er i en bekræftende sætning næsten det samme, men managed to taler direkte om besvær og anstrengelse. Derfor følges det så tit af but og in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Var der intet besvær, siger man som regel bare Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — sådan skal det være, sådan er det aftalt. Pligten kommer hverken fra den, der taler, eller fra loven, men fra regler, en aftale eller andres forventninger. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — sådan er skik og brug. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — sådan er det aftalt. Tit kan man høre på formen, at det i virkeligheden går anderledes: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. I datid er det næsten altid »det var meningen, men det skete ikke«: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — men det kom klokken syv. not supposed to er et blødt forbud efter reglerne, blødere end mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed er her et adjektiv, derfor skal der altid be til: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Sammenlign med have to. I have to be at work at nine — jeg har intet valg: kommer jeg for sent, bliver der problemer. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — sådan er reglen, men det lyder, som om man kan bryde den, og måske gør jeg det også. Derfor passer be supposed to godt, når man forklarer, hvorfor noget ikke gik efter planen.

be allowed to — det må man, det er tilladt. Tilladelsen kommer fra en anden: reglerne, loven, forældrene, chefen. allowed er tredje form af allow »tillade«, så opbygningen er passiv, kendt fra skiltet Pets aren't allowed (lektion A2 #19): ikke »jeg tillader«, men »det er tilladt mig«. be bøjes efter person og tid, mens allowed to + verbum bliver stående.

bekræftende We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
nægtende You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
spørgsmål Are we allowed to take photos?
datid I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
fremtid Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can eller be allowed to? I nutid siger man om en tilladelse tit bare can: You can park here after six. be allowed to understreger, at tilladelsen kommer fra reglerne eller fra en anden person, og lyder derfor mere præcist, når man meddeler eller spørger om regler: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? I fremtid og førnutid har can ingen form, og så er be allowed to nødvendigt — ligesom be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Om fortiden går grænsen samme sted som mellem could og managed to: could — en tilladelse i almindelighed, over længere tid (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — en tilladelse i ét tilfælde (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to eller allowed to? Begge handler om regler, men de siger forskellige ting. supposed to — det, man skal gøre, allowed to — det, man må. I nægtelsen er forskellen i styrken:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. sådan skal det være: det er en pligt
You're allowed to bring one bag. det må man: det er en tilladelse
You're not supposed to park here. det er ikke meningen — blødt, og mange parkerer der alligevel
You're not allowed to park here. forbudt — direkte, uden forbehold

don't need to — det er ikke nødvendigt. Det er det samme som don't have to (lektion A2 #10): man behøver ikke at gøre det. need er her et almindeligt verbum med to, så nægtelse, spørgsmål og datid bygges med do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Forveksl det ikke med mustn't og not allowed to — »man må ikke«: You don't need to come — du behøver ikke komme; You aren't allowed to come — du må ikke komme.

Hele skalaen i ét eksempel:

I must finish today. jeg har selv besluttet det
I have to finish today. omstændighederne kræver det
I'm supposed to finish today. sådan er det aftalt — men når jeg det?
I should finish today. det ville være det rigtige
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. jeg har fået lov til at blive færdig i morgen
I don't need to finish today. det behøver jeg ikke
I mustn't forget the figures. det må jeg ikke

Sådan siger man ikke. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need er et almindeligt verbum, og efter det skal der to.

Test dig selv. could eller managed to: »det var svært, men jeg nåede toget«? Hvad betyder The film was supposed to start at eight? Hvordan siger man »vi har ikke lov til at bruge vores telefoner på arbejdet«?

vis svarene
managed to — held i ét tilfælde: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; filmen skulle være begyndt klokken otte, men begyndte senere eller slet ikke; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Annonce

Typiske fejl hos dansktalende

skrevet til dit sprog
1

»Vil kunne« ord for ord

✗ I will can swim → ✓ I'll be able to swim. Dansk »kunne« har både navnemåde og førnutid (»vil kunne«, »har ikke kunnet«), og det trækker mod will can. Men can har ingen af de former, og to modalverber står aldrig efter hinanden. Pladsen tages af be able to: »har ikke kunnet sove« → ✓ I haven't been able to sleep.

2

»Skulle« som should

»Jeg skulle sende den til dig i går« → ✗ I should send it to you yesterday → ✓ I was supposed to send it to you yesterday. Dansk »skulle« betyder også »det var meningen, at«. Engelsk should er kun »det ville være rigtigt« (lektion A2 #11) og siger intet om en plan i fortiden. »Toget skulle komme klokken seks« — ✓ The train was supposed to arrive at six.

3

»Det er ikke tilladt at …«

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Dansk begynder gerne med »det« eller med »man«: »man må ikke ryge her«. Men i be allowed to er subjektet den, der får eller ikke får lov: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Vil man nævne selve tingen, bliver den subjekt: Pets aren't allowed.

4

need uden to

»Vi behøvede ikke komme så tidligt« → ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. På dansk kan »at« falde væk efter »behøve«, men på engelsk skal der altid to efter need.

Udtale

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d og t smelter sammen til ét /t/. Første stavelse er tryksvag — /sə/, trykket ligger på anden: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, med betonet /eɪ/, som i table. be able to siges i ét, i ét åndedrag: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to er det svage /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ foran /t/ forsvinder næsten. Det samme i allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ og /t/ smelter sammen, som i supposed to. allowed lyder som loud med et svagt /ə/ foran — og præcis som aloud »højt«.

Annonce

Tekst

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Læs højt

Øvelser

30 min

1. Udfyldning.

  1. I swim when I was five. (kunne — som evne)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (fremtid)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (nu)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (kunne ikke)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Vis svarene
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Valg.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Vis svarene
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Omskriv med be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — førnutid)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — førnutid)
Vis svarene
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Omskriv med be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Vis svarene
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Omskriv med be allowed to eller don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (fremtid)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (spørg om reglerne)
Vis svarene
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Fejlfinding.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Vis svarene
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Svar med hele sætninger

— om dig selv. Svarene nedenfor er et eksempel. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Vis svarene
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Oversæt til engelsk.

1) Om en måned vil jeg kunne tale engelsk mere flydende. 2) Det var svært, men vi nåede det sidste tog. 3) Det var meningen, at toget skulle komme klokken seks. 4) Du behøver ikke at komme i morgen. 5) Det er ikke meningen, at man ryger her.

Vis svarene
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Annonce

Opsummering

Gennemgået: be able to i alle tider og efter andre verber, could over for managed to og was able to; regler — be supposed to i nutid og datid, be allowed to over for can og not supposed to, don't need to over for mustn't, hele pligtskalaen. Næste: lektion 12 — repetition af lektion 7–11.

Kernen slut

Lektionen tælles som færdig, når øvelserne er udført. Alt efter dette er valgfrit.

Lektion 84

valgfri

Ordforråd til kortbunken

14 ord
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ kunne, være i stand til
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ klare at, lykkes med at
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ skulle (efter reglerne, efter aftale)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ have lov til, måtte
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ bærbar computer
  • fix /fɪks/ reparere, ordne
  • save /seɪv/ gemme
  • file /faɪl/ fil
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ tal
  • straight /streɪt/ direkte, med det samme
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ natten over
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ briller
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ brandmand
  • locked /lɒkt/ låst

Skrivning

Fem-seks sætninger om en dag, der ikke gik efter planen: hvad du skulle have gjort, hvad du ikke kunne, hvad det alligevel lykkedes dig at gøre, og hvad du nu ikke behøver at gøre.

Eksempel

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Tjekliste

Udkastet gemmes på denne enhed
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