Gramatică ~55 min din conținutul principal rămas

Să vorbesc despre obligație și abilitate

După această lecție poți

Pot să spun precis ce sunt obligat să fac, ce nu e nevoie să fac și ce am reușit.

Începe lecția Nucleu 55 min · pași: 6 · opțional: +2

Timpul declarat al nucleului. Două blocuri din nucleu nu au o cifră, deci lecția reală este mai lungă decât suma aceasta.

Gramatică

16 min

Lecția adună două teme rămase incomplete la A2. Prima — abilitatea și reușita: can (A1 #20) are prea puține forme. A doua — regulile: lângă must, have to (A2 #10) și should (A2 #11) apar „așa e regula”, „așa e voie” și „nu e nevoie”.

be able to — abilitatea la orice timp. can are doar două forme: can și could. Viitor, perfect, formă după alt verb nu are — acolo lucrează be able to.

viitor I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
după alt verb I'd like to be able to speak French.
după un verb modal You might be able to get a ticket online.
trecut I wasn't able to come yesterday.

La prezent se spune de obicei can: I can swim sună mai firesc decât I'm able to swim.

Știam sau am reușit? La trecut engleza desparte prin verb ce româna desparte prin timp: „puteam”, „știam” — și „am putut”, „am reușit”. could — abilitatea în general, pe o perioadă: I could read when I was four. Reușita într-un caz concret — was able to sau managed to. managed to subliniază: a fost greu, dar a ieșit.

I could swim when I was six. Știam să înot la șase ani.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Am reușit să înot până la barcă — atunci.

La negație diferența asta nu există, couldn't merge întotdeauna: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Cu verbele de percepție see, hear, could e firesc și despre un singur caz: I could hear music next door.

was able to și managed to sunt în afirmație aproape egale, dar managed to vorbește direct despre greutate și efort. De aceea îl însoțesc atât de des but și in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Dacă n-a fost nicio greutate, se spune de obicei simplu Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — așa e regula, așa ne-am înțeles. Obligația nu vine de la vorbitor și nici de la lege, ci de la reguli, de la o înțelegere sau de la ce așteaptă alții. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — așa e obiceiul. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — așa ne-am înțeles. Adesea în forma asta se aude că în realitate iese altfel: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. La trecut e aproape întotdeauna „trebuia să, dar nu s-a întâmplat”: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — dar a venit la șapte. not supposed to — o interdicție blândă, după reguli, mai blândă decât mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed e aici adjectiv, de aceea be trebuie întotdeauna: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Compară cu have to. I have to be at work at nine — n-am de ales: dacă întârzii, o să am necazuri. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — așa e regula, dar sună ca și cum ar putea fi încălcată și poate chiar o s-o încalc. De aceea be supposed to se potrivește bine când explici de ce ceva n-a mers după plan.

be allowed to — așa e voie, e permis. Permisiunea o dă altcineva: regulile, legea, părinții, șeful. allowed e forma a treia de la allow „a permite”, deci ca structură e un pasiv, cunoscut din anunțul Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): nu „eu permit”, ci „mie mi se permite”. be se schimbă după persoană și timp, iar allowed to + verb rămâne.

afirmație We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
negație You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
întrebare Are we allowed to take photos?
trecut I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
viitor Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can sau be allowed to? La prezent, despre permisiune se spune des simplu can: You can park here after six. be allowed to subliniază că permisiunea vine de la reguli sau de la alt om, și de aceea sună mai precis când anunți regulile sau întrebi de ele: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? La viitor și la perfect can n-are formă, și be allowed to e obligatoriu — la fel ca be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Despre trecut granița e aceeași ca la could și managed to: could — permisiunea în general, pe mult timp (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — permisiunea într-un caz (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to sau allowed to? Ambele forme sunt despre reguli, dar spun lucruri diferite. supposed to — ce trebuie făcut, allowed to — ce e voie. La negație diferența e de forță:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. așa e regula: e o obligație
You're allowed to bring one bag. așa e voie: e o permisiune
You're not supposed to park here. regula spune nu — blând, și mulți parchează totuși
You're not allowed to park here. e interzis — direct, fără rezerve

don't need to — nu e nevoie. E același lucru ca don't have to (A2 #10): poți să nu faci. need e aici un verb obișnuit cu to, de aceea negația, întrebarea și trecutul se construiesc cu do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Nu-l confunda cu mustn't și not allowed to — „nu e voie”: You don't need to come — poți să nu vii; You aren't allowed to come — e interzis să vii.

Toată scara pe un singur exemplu:

I must finish today. așa am hotărât eu
I have to finish today. o cer împrejurările
I'm supposed to finish today. așa ne-am înțeles — dar oare reușesc?
I should finish today. ar fi corect
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. mi s-a permis să termin mâine
I don't need to finish today. nu e nevoie
I mustn't forget the figures. nu e voie

Așa nu se spune. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need e un verb obișnuit, și după el trebuie to.

Verifică-te. could sau managed to: „a fost greu, dar am prins trenul”? Ce înseamnă The film was supposed to start at eight? Cum spui „nu ne e permis să folosim telefoanele la serviciu”?

arată răspunsurile
managed to — reușita într-un caz: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; filmul trebuia să înceapă la opt, dar a început mai târziu sau n-a început deloc; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Reclamă

Greșelile vorbitorilor de limba română

adaptat pentru limba ta
1

Două verbe modale la rând

„Voi putea înota”, „o să pot înota” → ✗ I will can swim → ✓ I'll be able to swim. „Voi putea” pare să se adune din will și can. Dar în engleză două verbe modale nu stau unul după altul; locul al doilea îl ia be able to.

2

„Am putut” tradus prin could

„Examenul a fost greu, dar am putut să-l iau” → ✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it → ✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it. could în afirmație e „puteam”, „știam”: abilitatea în general. „Am putut”, „am reușit” — reușita din acel caz — se spune managed to sau was able to.

3

„Trebuia să” tradus prin had to

„Trebuia să-ți trimit raportul ieri” → I had to send you the report yesterday înseamnă „eram obligat”, și de obicei se înțelege că l-ai și trimis. Pentru „trebuia, dar nu s-a întâmplat” — ✓ I was supposed to send you the report yesterday. Și nu uita be: ✗ I supposed to be at work at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be at work at nine.

4

„Nu e voie” impersonal

„Aici nu e voie să fumezi”, „nu este permis să fumați aici” → ✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here → ✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here. Fraza românească e impersonală și vine să începi cu It. Dar la be allowed to subiectul e cel căruia i se permite sau i se interzice: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Lucrul interzis poate fi și el subiect: Pets aren't allowed; pe tăbliță scrie doar No smoking.

5

„Nu trebuie” tradus prin mustn't

„Mâine nu trebuie să vii, e sărbătoare” → You mustn't come tomorrow înseamnă „ți se interzice să vii”. Pentru „nu e nevoie” — ✓ You don't need to come tomorrow. „Nu trebuie să” are în română ambele sensuri, după context; mustn't e întotdeauna interdicție.

Pronunție

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d și t se contopesc într-un singur /t/. Prima silabă e neaccentuată — /sə/, accentul pe a doua: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, cu /eɪ/ accentuat, ca în table. be able to se rostește întreg, dintr-o suflare: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — slab, /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ înaintea lui /t/ aproape dispare. La fel în allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ și /t/ se contopesc, ca în supposed to. allowed sună ca loud cu un /ə/ slab în față — și exact ca aloud „cu voce tare”.

Reclamă

Text

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Exerciții

30 min

1. Completare.

  1. I swim when I was five. (știam)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (viitor)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (acum)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (n-am putut)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Arată răspunsurile
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Alegere.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Arată răspunsurile
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Rescrie cu be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfect)
Arată răspunsurile
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Rescrie cu be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Arată răspunsurile
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Rescrie cu be allowed to sau don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (viitor)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (întreabă despre reguli)
Arată răspunsurile
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Identificarea greșelii.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Arată răspunsurile
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Răspunde cu propoziții complete

— despre tine. Răspunsurile de mai jos sunt un model. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Arată răspunsurile
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Tradu în engleză.

1) Peste o lună o să pot vorbi engleza mai fluent. 2) A fost greu, dar am reușit să prindem ultimul tren. 3) Trenul trebuia să sosească la șase. 4) Nu e nevoie să vii mâine. 5) Aici nu se cuvine să fumezi.

Arată răspunsurile
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Reclamă

Rezumat

Ce am acoperit: be able to la toate timpurile și după alte verbe, could față de managed to și was able to; regulile — be supposed to la prezent și la trecut, be allowed to față de can și not supposed to, don't need to față de mustn't, toată scara obligației. Urmează lecția 12: recapitularea lecțiilor 7–11.

Sfârșitul conținutului principal

Lecția se consideră finalizată după exerciții. Tot ce urmează este opțional.

Lecția 84

opțional

Vocabular pentru carduri

14 cuvinte
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ a putea, a fi în stare
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ a reuși
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ a trebui (după reguli, după o înțelegere)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ a avea voie, a i se permite
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ laptop
  • fix /fɪks/ a repara
  • save /seɪv/ a salva
  • file /faɪl/ fișier
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ cifre
  • straight /streɪt/ direct, imediat
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ peste noapte
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ ochelari
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ pompier
  • locked /lɒkt/ încuiat

Scriere

Cinci-șase propoziții despre o zi care n-a mers după plan: ce trebuia să faci, ce n-ai putut, ce ai reușit totuși și ce acum nu mai e nevoie să faci.

Model

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Listă de verificare

Schița este salvată pe acest dispozitiv
Reclamă

Ai o idee pentru o funcționalitate?

Trimite ideea
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