Dilbilgisi ~55 dk temel ders kaldı

Zorunluluk ve beceriden söz etmek

Bu dersten sonra yapabilecekleriniz

Neyi yapmak zorunda olduğumu, neyi yapmama gerek olmadığını ve neyi başardığımı tam olarak söyleyebilirim.

Derse başla Çekirdek 55 dk · adım: 6 · isteğe bağlı: +2

Belirtilen çekirdek süre. İki çekirdek bloğunda süre belirtilmemiştir, bu yüzden gerçek ders toplamdan uzundur.

Dilbilgisi

16 dk

Bu ders A2'de eksik kalan iki konuyu bir araya getiriyor. Birincisi beceri ve başarı: can'in (A1 #20) biçimleri çok az. İkincisi kurallar: must, have to (A2 #10) ve should'a (A2 #11) “öyle gerekiyor”, “izin var” ve “gerek yok” ekleniyor.

be able to — her zamanda beceri. can'in yalnızca iki biçimi vardır: can ve could. Geleceği, Present Perfect'i, başka bir fiilden sonraki biçimi yoktur — orada be able to çalışır.

gelecek I'll be able to swim by the summer.
Present Perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
başka bir fiilden sonra I'd like to be able to speak French.
modal fiilden sonra You might be able to get a ticket online.
geçmiş I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Şimdiki zamanda genellikle can denir: I can swim, I'm able to swim'den daha doğal duyulur.

Biliyordum mu, başardım mı? Geçmişte İngilizce iki şeyi ayırır: genel beceri ve tek bir seferdeki başarı. Türkçede de bu fark var (“yüzebiliyordum” ve “yüzebildim”), ama İngilizce ikincisi için could kullanmaz. could — genel beceri, belli bir süre boyunca: I could read when I was four. Tek bir seferdeki başarı — was able to ya da managed to. managed to şunu vurgular: zordu, ama oldu.

I could swim when I was six. Altı yaşında yüzebiliyordum.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Tekneye kadar yüzmeyi başardım — o seferlik.

Olumsuzda bu fark yoktur, couldn't her zaman uyar: I couldn't find my keys this morning. see, hear gibi algı fiilleriyle could tek bir sefer için de normaldir: I could hear music next door.

was able to ve managed to olumlu cümlede neredeyse eşittir, ama managed to zorluğu ve emeği açıkça söyler. Bu yüzden çoğu zaman yanında but ve in the end bulunur: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Zorluk yoksa genellikle düz Past Simple kullanılır: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — öyle gerekiyor, öyle anlaşıldı. Zorunluluk konuşandan ya da yasadan değil, kurallardan, anlaşmadan ya da başkalarının beklentilerinden gelir. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — âdet böyle. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — anlaşma böyle. Bu biçimde çoğu zaman gerçekte işlerin başka türlü gittiği duyulur: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Geçmişte bu hemen her zaman “olması gerekiyordu, ama olmadı” demektir: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — ama yedide geldi. not supposed to — kurallara dayanan yumuşak bir yasak, mustn't'tan yumuşak: You're not supposed to park here. supposed burada sıfattır, bu yüzden be her zaman gerekir: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

have to ile karşılaştırın. I have to be at work at nine — seçeneğim yok: geç kalırsam başım derde girer. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — kural bu, ama sanki çiğnenebilirmiş gibi duyulur ve belki ben de çiğneyeceğim. Bu yüzden be supposed to bir şeyin neden plana göre gitmediğini açıklarken çok uygundur.

be allowed to — izin var, serbest. İzni başka biri verir: kurallar, yasa, anne baba, patron. allowed, allow “izin vermek” fiilinin üçüncü biçimidir, yani yapı olarak Pets aren't allowed duyurusundan (A2 #19) tanıdık edilgen: “izin veriyorum” değil, “bana izin veriliyor”. be kişiye ve zamana göre değişir, allowed to + fiil ise aynı kalır.

olumlu We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
olumsuz You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
soru Are we allowed to take photos?
geçmiş I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
gelecek Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can mı, be allowed to mı? Şimdiki zamanda izin için çoğu zaman düz can denir: You can park here after six. be allowed to iznin kurallardan ya da başka birinden geldiğini vurgular, bu yüzden kurallar bildirilirken ya da sorulurken daha kesin duyulur: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Gelecekte ve Present Perfect'te can'in biçimi yoktur ve be allowed to şarttır — be able to'da olduğu gibi: Will we be allowed to park here? Geçmişte sınır could ile managed to arasındakiyle aynıdır: could — genel, uzun süreli izin (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — tek bir seferlik izin (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to mu, allowed to mu? İki biçim de kurallarla ilgilidir, ama farklı şeyler söyler. supposed to — yapılması gereken, allowed to — yapılabilen. Olumsuzda fark güçtedir:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. kural böyle: bu bir zorunluluk
You're allowed to bring one bag. izin var: bu bir serbestlik
You're not supposed to park here. kurala aykırı — yumuşak, ve birçok kişi yine de park ediyor
You're not allowed to park here. yasak — açıkça, yorumsuz

don't need to — gerek yok. Bu, don't have to (A2 #10) ile aynıdır: yapmasanız da olur. need burada to alan sıradan bir fiildir, bu yüzden olumsuz, soru ve geçmiş do ile kurulur: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Onu mustn't ve not allowed to ile — “yapılmaz, yasak” — karıştırmayın: You don't need to come — gelmesen de olur; You aren't allowed to come — gelmen yasak.

Bütün ölçek tek örnekte:

I must finish today. kendim böyle karar verdim
I have to finish today. koşullar gerektiriyor
I'm supposed to finish today. öyle anlaştık — ama yetişebilecek miyim?
I should finish today. doğrusu bu olurdu
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. yarın bitirmeme izin verildi
I don't need to finish today. bitirmesem de olur
I mustn't forget the figures. unutmak olmaz

Böyle söylenmez. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need sıradan bir fiildir ve ondan sonra to gerekir.

Kendinizi sınayın. could mu, managed to mu: “zordu ama trene yetişebildim”? The film was supposed to start at eight ne demek? “İşte telefon kullanmamıza izin verilmiyor” nasıl söylenir?

cevapları göster
managed to — tek bir seferdeki başarı: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; film sekizde başlayacaktı, ama daha geç başladı ya da hiç başlamadı; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Reklam

Türkçe konuşanların hataları

diliniz için yazıldı
1

“-ebileceğim” = will can

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

“Yüzebileceğim” tek kelimede hem “-ebil” hem “-ecek” taşır, ve İngilizcede de will ile can yan yana konmak istenir. Ama iki modal fiil art arda gelmez; ikinci yeri be able to alır.

2

“-ebildim” = could

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

“Sınavı geçebildim” geçmiş zamandaki “-ebil”dir, ve could tam karşılığı gibi görünür. Ama olumlu cümlede could genel beceridir (“-ebiliyordum”), o seferki başarı değil.

3

be'siz supposed to ve allowed to

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. supposed ve allowed geçmiş zamandaki fiillere benzer, 'm de kulakta onlarla kaynaşır. Ama ikisinin de be'ye ihtiyacı var, olumsuz da onunla kurulur: aren't allowed, don't allowed değil. Aynı sebeple yazıda -d de düşer: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

4

Öznesiz “izin verilmiyor”

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

“Burada sigara içmeye izin verilmiyor” cümlesinin öznesi yoktur, bu yüzden İngilizce cümle It ile başlatılır. Ama be allowed to'nun öznesi izin verilen kişidir: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Yasaklanan şeyi söylemek için özne o olur: Pets aren't allowed; tabelada ise kısaca No smoking yazar.

Telaffuz

4 dk

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d ile t tek bir /t/ sesinde kaynaşır. İlk hece vurgusuzdur — /sə/, vurgu ikincidedir: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, vurgulu /eɪ/ ile, table'daki gibi. be able to bütün olarak, tek solukta söylenir: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to zayıf /tə/'dır.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /t/'den önceki /d/ neredeyse kaybolur. allowed to'da da öyle: /əˈlaʊd tə/ — /d/ ile /t/, supposed to'daki gibi kaynaşır. allowed, önünde zayıf bir /ə/ olan loud gibi duyulur — ve tıpkı aloud “sesli, yüksek sesle” gibi.

Reklam

Metin

5 dk

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Alıştırmalar

30 dk

1. Boşluk doldurma.

  1. I swim when I was five. (genel beceri)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (gelecek)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (şimdi)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (gelemedim)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Cevapları göster
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Seçme.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Cevapları göster
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. be able to ile yeniden yazın

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — Present Perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — Present Perfect)
Cevapları göster
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. be supposed to ile yeniden yazın.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Cevapları göster
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. be allowed to ya da don't need to ile yeniden yazın.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (gelecek)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (kuralları sorun)
Cevapları göster
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Hata bulma.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Cevapları göster
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Tam cümlelerle cevap verin

— kendinizden söz ederek. Aşağıdaki cevaplar örnektir. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Cevapları göster
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. İngilizceye çevirin.

1) Bir ay sonra İngilizceyi daha akıcı konuşabileceğim. 2) Zordu ama son trene yetişebildik. 3) Trenin altıda gelmesi gerekiyordu. 4) Yarın gelmene gerek yok. 5) Kurallara göre burada sigara içmemen gerekiyor.

Cevapları göster
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Reklam

Özet

Bu derste işlenenler: bütün zamanlarda ve başka fiillerden sonra be able to, could ile managed to ve was able to karşıtlığı; kurallar — şimdiki ve geçmiş zamanda be supposed to, be allowed to ile can ve not supposed to karşıtlığı, don't need to ile mustn't karşıtlığı, zorunluluğun bütün ölçeği. Sırada 12. ders: 7–11. derslerin tekrarı.

Temel dersin sonu

Alıştırmalar tamamlandığında ders bitmiş sayılır. Bundan sonrası isteğe bağlıdır.

Ders 84

isteğe bağlı

Kart destesine kelimeler

14 kelime
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ -ebilmek, yapabilecek durumda olmak
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ -meyi başarmak
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ -mesi gerekmek (kurala, anlaşmaya göre)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ -mesine izin verilmek, izni olmak
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ dizüstü bilgisayar
  • fix /fɪks/ tamir etmek, düzeltmek
  • save /seɪv/ kaydetmek
  • file /faɪl/ dosya
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ rakamlar
  • straight /streɪt/ doğrudan, hemen
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ gece boyunca
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ gözlük
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ itfaiyeci
  • locked /lɒkt/ kilitli

Yazma

Beş-altı cümle: plana göre gitmeyen bir gün hakkında — ne yapmanız gerekiyordu, neyi yapamadınız, neyi yine de başardınız ve artık neyi yapmanıza gerek yok.

Örnek

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

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