文法 コアの残り ~55分

義務と能力について言う

このレッスンでできるようになること

しなければならないこと、しなくてもいいこと、うまくできたことを正確に言うことができる。

レッスンを始める コア 55分 · 手順: 6 · 任意: +2

表示されているコア時間。2つのコアブロックに時間表示がないため、実際のレッスンは合計より長くなります。

文法

16分

この課では、A2で不完全なままだった2つのテーマをまとめます。1つ目は能力と成功です:can (A1の第20課)には形が少なすぎます。2つ目は規則です:must、have to(A2の第10課)と should (A2の第11課)に、「そういうことになっている」「〜してもいい」「〜しなくてもいい」が加わります。

be able to — どの時制でも使える「できる」。 can の形は can と could の2つだけです。未来、完了形、ほかの動詞のあとの形がないので、そこでは be able to を使います。

未来 I'll be able to swim by the summer.
完了形 I haven't been able to sleep this week.
ほかの動詞のあと I'd like to be able to speak French.
助動詞のあと You might be able to get a ticket online.
過去 I wasn't able to come yesterday.

現在ではふつう can を使います:I can swim のほうが I'm able to swim より自然です。

できる力があったのか、うまくいったのか。 過去について、英語は、日本語では「できた」1つにまとまるものを区別します。could は能力一般、ある期間ずっと持っていた力です:I could read when I was four. ある1回の成功は was able to か managed to です。managed to は「大変だったが、うまくいった」ことを強調します。

I could swim when I was six. 6歳のとき泳げた。 — 能力
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. なんとかボートまで泳ぎ着いた。 — その1回

否定文ではこの違いはなく、couldn't はいつでも使えます:I couldn't find my keys this morning. 知覚動詞 see、hear では、1回のことでも could で問題ありません: I could hear music next door.

was able to と managed to は肯定文ではほぼ同じですが、managed to は難しさと努力をはっきり表します。だから but や in the end と一緒によく使われます:It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. 難しくなかったなら、ふつうはただの過去形で言います: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — 「〜することになっている」。 義務は話し手から来るのでも法律から来るのでもなく、規則や約束やほかの人の期待から来ます。 You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — そういう習慣になっている。 I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — そう決まっている。この形からは、実際にはそうなっていないことがよく感じられます:I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. 過去では、ほとんどいつも「〜するはずだったが、そうならなかった」です: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — 実際には7時に着いた。 not supposed to は規則によるやわらかい禁止で、mustn't よりやわらかく聞こえます:You're not supposed to park here. ここの supposed は形容詞なので、いつも be が必要です:I'm supposed to、 Were we supposed to…?

have to と比べましょう。I have to be at work at nine — 選択の余地はない:遅れたら困ったことになる。I'm supposed to be at work at nine — そういう決まりだが、破ることもできそうで、もしかしたら破るかもしれない、という感じに聞こえます。だから be supposed to は、何かが予定どおりにいかなかった理由を説明するときにぴったりです。

be allowed to — 「〜してもいい、許されている」。 許可を出すのはほかのだれかです:規則、法律、親、上司。allowed は allow「許す」の過去分詞なので、しくみは受け身で、掲示の Pets aren't allowed(A2の第19課)でおなじみです:「私が許す」ではなく「私は許されている」。 be は人称と時制で変わり、allowed to + 動詞はそのままです。

肯定文 We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
否定文 You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
疑問文 Are we allowed to take photos?
過去 I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
未来 Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can か be allowed to か。 現在の許可は、ただ can で言うこともよくあります:You can park here after six. be allowed to は、許可が規則やほかの人から来ていることを強調するので、規則を伝えたり尋ねたりするときにより正確に聞こえます:Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? 未来と完了形には can の形がないので、be able to と同じく be allowed to が必要です:Will we be allowed to park here? 過去については、could と managed to と同じ境目があります:could はある期間ずっと許されていたこと(As a child I could watch TV until nine)、was allowed to は1回だけ許されたことです(Yesterday we were allowed to leave early)。

supposed to か allowed to か。 どちらも規則についての言い方ですが、言っていることが違います。 supposed to はするべきこと、allowed to はしてもいいことです。否定では強さが違います:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. 決まり:義務
You're allowed to bring one bag. してもいい:許可
You're not supposed to park here. しないことになっている — やわらかく、それでも停める人は多い
You're not allowed to park here. 禁止 — はっきりと、例外なし

don't need to — 必要がない。 don't have to(A2の第10課)と同じで、「しなくてもいい」です。ここの need は to をとるふつうの動詞なので、否定文、疑問文、過去は do で作ります: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. 「〜してはいけない」の mustn't や not allowed to と混同しないでください:You don't need to come — 来なくてもいい;You aren't allowed to come — 来ることは禁止されている。

1つの例で全体を比べると:

I must finish today. 自分でそう決めた
I have to finish today. 状況がそれを求めている
I'm supposed to finish today. そういう約束 — でも間に合うかな?
I should finish today. そうするのが正しいだろう
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. 明日終わらせてもいいと言われた
I don't need to finish today. しなくてもいい
I mustn't forget the figures. してはいけない

こうは言いません。 ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early。 didn't need はふつうの動詞なので、あとに to が必要です。

確かめてみましょう。 「大変だったけど、電車に間に合った」は could ですか、managed to ですか。 The film was supposed to start at eight はどういう意味ですか。「職場では携帯電話を使わせてもらえない」は英語でどう言いますか。

解答を表示
managed to — 1回の成功:It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; 映画は8時に始まるはずだったが、遅れて始まったか、始まらなかった; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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日本語話者の誤り

あなたの言語向けに作成
1

will と can を並べる。

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

。「泳げるようになるだろう」の「できる」と「だろう」を、そのまま can と will に置きかえたくなります。でも英語では助動詞を2つ続けられないので、2つ目の場所には be able to が入ります。

2

1回の成功を could で言う。

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

。「合格できた」の「できた」は「できる」の過去形なので、could がぴったりの訳に見えます。でも肯定文の could は「〜する力があった」という能力を表し、その1回うまくいったことは表しません。

3

supposed to、allowed to の前の be を落とす。

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine。'm は耳ではほとんど聞こえず、supposed は過去形の動詞に見えます。でも supposed は形容詞、allowed は受け身の一部なので、どちらも be が必要です。「許されていない」の「ない」につられて ✗ We don't allowed to smoke とも言いがちですが、否定も be で作ります:✓ We aren't allowed to smoke。

4

主語のない「〜は許されていない」を It で始める。

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

。「ここでの喫煙は許されていない」には主語がないので、おなじみの It is … to … の形を使いたくなります。でも be allowed to の主語は、許される人です:You aren't allowed、 Passengers aren't allowed。禁止されるもの自体を主語にするなら Pets aren't allowed、掲示ならただ No smoking です。

発音

4分

supposed to は /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d と t が1つの /t/ になります。「サポーズド・トゥ」のように /d/ を発音しません。最初の音節は強勢がなく /sə/ で、強勢は2つ目:su-POSED。

able は /ˈeɪbl/ で、table と同じく強勢のある /eɪ/ です。be able to は一息でまとめて言います: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/。to は弱い /tə/ です。

managed to は /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /t/ の前の /d/ はほとんど消えます。allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/ も同じで、supposed to と同じく /d/ と /t/ が1つになります。allowed は、前に弱い /ə/ が付いた loud のように聞こえ、aloud「声に出して」とまったく同じ発音です。

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テキスト

5分

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

音読

練習問題

30分

1. 穴埋め。

  1. I swim when I was five. (能力)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (未来)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (今)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (来られなかった)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
解答を表示
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. 選択。

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
解答を表示
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. be able to を使って書きかえる。

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — 現在完了形)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — 現在完了形)
解答を表示
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. be supposed to を使って書きかえる。

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
解答を表示
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. be allowed to か don't need to を使って書きかえる。

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (未来)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (規則について尋ねる)
解答を表示
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. 誤り訂正。

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
解答を表示
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. 完全な文で答える。

自分について答えます。下の答えは一例です。 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

解答を表示
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. 英語に訳す。

1) 1か月後には、もっと流暢に英語が話せるようになっているだろう。 2) 大変だったけど、私たちはなんとか終電に間に合った。 3) 電車は6時に着くことになっていた。 4) 明日は来なくていいよ。 5) ここではたばこを吸わないことになっている。

解答を表示
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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まとめ

この課で学んだこと:すべての時制とほかの動詞のあとで使う be able to、could と managed to、 was able to の違い、規則を表す現在と過去の be supposed to、be allowed to と can、not supposed to の違い、don't need to と mustn't の違い、義務の度合いの全体。次は第12課:第7〜11課の復習。

コアの終了

演習を完了するとレッスンが完了とみなされます。以降はすべて任意です。

レッスン 84

任意

単語カード用の語彙

14語
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ 〜できる
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ なんとか〜する、うまく〜する
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ 〜することになっている(規則・約束で)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ 〜してもよい(許可されて)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ ノートパソコン
  • fix /fɪks/ 直す、修理する
  • save /seɪv/ 保存する
  • file /faɪl/ ファイル
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ 数字、数値
  • straight /streɪt/ 直接、まっすぐ
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ 一晩、夜のあいだ
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ 眼鏡
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ 消防士
  • locked /lɒkt/ 鍵のかかった

ライティング

5〜6の文を書いてください:予定どおりにいかなかった1日について。何をすることになっていたか、何ができなかったか、それでも何がうまくいったか、今は何をしなくてもよくなったか。

例: Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

チェックリスト:will のあとと完了形では、can ではなく be able to ですか。1回うまくいったことは、 could ではなく managed to か was able to ですか。supposed to と allowed to の前に be がありますか。「しなくてもいい」は mustn't ではなく don't need to ですか。

下書きはこの端末に保存されます
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