Gramatika liko ~55 min pagrindinės dalies

Pasakyti apie pareigą ir gebėjimą

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu tiksliai pasakyti, ką privalau, ko man nereikia daryti ir kas man pavyko.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 55 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

16 min

Pamoka sujungia dvi temas, kurios A2 lygyje liko neužbaigtos. Pirmoji — gebėjimas ir sėkmė: can (A1 #20) turi per mažai formų. Antroji — taisyklės: prie must, have to (A2 #10) ir should (A2 #11) prisideda „taip priimta“, „taip galima“ ir „taip nebūtina“.

be able to — gebėjimas bet kuriuo laiku. can turi tik dvi formas: can ir could. Būsimojo laiko, Perfect formos, formos po kito veiksmažodžio jis neturi — ten dirba be able to.

būsimasis laikas I'll be able to swim by the summer.
Perfect forma I haven't been able to sleep this week.
po kito veiksmažodžio I'd like to be able to speak French.
po modalinio You might be able to get a ticket online.
būtasis laikas I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Esamajame laike paprastai sakoma can: I can swim skamba natūraliau nei I'm able to swim.

Mokėjau ar pavyko? Būtajame laike anglų kalba griežtai skiria tai, ką lietuviškai galima pasakyti vienu „galėjau“. could — gebėjimas apskritai, tam tikrą laiką („mokėjau“): I could read when I was four. Sėkmė vienu konkrečiu atveju („pavyko“, „sugebėjau“) — was able to arba managed to. managed to pabrėžia: buvo sunku, bet pavyko.

I could swim when I was six. Mokėjau plaukti šešerių metų.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Pavyko nuplaukti — tąkart.

Neigime šio skirtumo nėra, couldn't tinka visada: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Su suvokimo veiksmažodžiais see, hear could apie vienkartinį atvejį irgi normalu: I could hear music next door.

was able to ir managed to teiginyje beveik lygūs, bet managed to tiesiai sako apie sunkumą ir pastangas. Todėl jį taip dažnai lydi but ir in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Jei sunkumų nebuvo, paprastai sakoma tiesiog Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — taip priimta, taip susitarta. Pareiga kyla ne iš kalbančiojo ir ne iš įstatymo, o iš taisyklių, susitarimo ar kitų žmonių lūkesčių. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — taip priimta. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — taip susitarta. Dažnai šioje formoje girdėti, kad iš tikrųjų išeina kitaip: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Būtajame laike tai beveik visada „turėjo būti, bet neįvyko“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — o atvyko septintą. not supposed to — švelnus draudimas pagal taisykles, švelnesnis už mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed čia — būdvardis, todėl be reikalingas visada: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Palyginkite su have to. I have to be at work at nine — neturiu pasirinkimo: pavėluosiu — bus nemalonumų. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — tokia taisyklė, bet skamba taip, lyg ją būtų galima pažeisti, ir galbūt aš ją pažeisiu. Todėl be supposed to puikiai tinka, kai aiškinate, kodėl kažkas vyko ne pagal planą.

be allowed to — taip galima, tai leidžiama. Leidimą duoda kažkas kitas: taisyklės, įstatymas, tėvai, viršininkas. allowed — trečioji allow „leisti“ forma, taigi pagal sandarą tai neveikiamoji rūšis, pažįstama iš skelbimo Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): ne „aš leidžiu“, o „man leista“. be kaitomas pagal asmenis ir laikus, o allowed to + veiksmažodis lieka nepakitęs.

teiginys We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
neiginys You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
klausimas Are we allowed to take photos?
būtasis laikas I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
būsimasis laikas Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can ar be allowed to? Esamajame laike apie leidimą dažnai sakoma tiesiog can: You can park here after six. be allowed to pabrėžia, kad leidimas kyla iš taisyklių ar iš kito žmogaus, todėl skamba tiksliau, kai apie taisykles pranešama ar klausiama: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Būsimajame laike ir Perfect formoje can formos neturi, ir be allowed to būtinas — taip pat kaip be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Apie praeitį riba ta pati kaip tarp could ir managed to: could — leidimas apskritai, ilgam laikui (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — leidimas vienu atveju (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to ar allowed to? Abi formos — apie taisykles, bet kalba apie skirtingus dalykus. supposed to — ką priimta daryti, allowed to — ką galima. Neigime skiriasi stiprumas:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. taip priimta: tai pareiga
You're allowed to bring one bag. taip galima: tai leidimas
You're not supposed to park here. taip nepriimta — švelniai, ir daugelis vis tiek pastato
You're not allowed to park here. draudžiama — tiesiai, be išlygų

don't need to — nėra būtinybės. Tai tas pats, kas don't have to (A2 #10): galima nedaryti. need čia — paprastas veiksmažodis su to, todėl neiginys, klausimas ir būtasis laikas sudaromi su do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Nepainiokite jo su mustn't ir not allowed to — „negalima“: You don't need to come — galima neateiti; You aren't allowed to come — ateiti draudžiama.

Visa skalė viename pavyzdyje:

I must finish today. pats taip nusprendžiau
I have to finish today. reikalauja aplinkybės
I'm supposed to finish today. taip susitarėme — bet ar spėsiu?
I should finish today. būtų teisinga
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. leido baigti rytoj
I don't need to finish today. galima nebaigti
I mustn't forget the figures. negalima

Taip nesakoma. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need — paprastas veiksmažodis, ir po jo reikia to.

Pasitikrinkite. could ar managed to: „buvo sunku, bet suspėjau į traukinį“? Ką reiškia The film was supposed to start at eight? Kaip pasakyti „darbe mums neleidžiama naudotis telefonais“?

rodyti atsakymus
managed to — sėkmė vienu atveju: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; filmas turėjo prasidėti aštuntą, bet prasidėjo vėliau arba visai neprasidėjo; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

Du modaliniai iš eilės

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Lietuviškas „galėsiu“ — vienas žodis su būsimojo laiko galūne, ir jį norisi surinkti iš will ir can. Bet du modaliniai veiksmažodžiai angliškai iš eilės nestovi; antrąją vietą užima be able to.

2

could apie sėkmę vienu atveju

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Galėjau“, „sugebėjau išlaikyti“ — būtasis laikas, o žodyne prie „galėti“ stovi could, todėl jis atrodo tikslus vertimas. Bet could teiginyje reiškia gebėjimą apskritai, ne sėkmę tąkart. Geresnė atrama — „pavyko“: „pavyko išlaikyti“ — managed to pass.

3

supposed to ir allowed to be be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Lietuviškai „man leista“, „čia neleidžiama“ apsieina be „yra“, o supposed ir allowed atrodo kaip būtojo laiko veiksmažodžiai; 'm iš klausos su jais susilieja. Bet supposed čia būdvardis, allowed — neveikiamosios rūšies dalis, ir abiem reikia be; neiginys irgi sudaromas per jį: aren't allowed, o ne don't allowed. Dėl tos pačios priežasties rašant pametama -d: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

4

Beasmenis „neleidžiama“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Lietuviškas „čia neleidžiama rūkyti“ — beasmenis, ir sakinį norisi pradėti It. Bet be allowed to veiksnys — tas, kam leidžiama ar draudžiama: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Jei norisi įvardyti patį draudžiamą dalyką, veiksniu tampa jis: Pets aren't allowed, o ant lentelės rašoma tiesiog No smoking.

Tarimas

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d ir t susilieja į vieną /t/. Pirmasis skiemuo nekirčiuotas — /sə/, kirtis antrajame: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, su kirčiuotu /eɪ/, kaip table. be able to ištariamas visas, vienu atokvėpiu: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — silpnas /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ prieš /t/ beveik dingsta. Taip pat allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ ir /t/ susilieja, kaip supposed to. allowed skamba kaip loud su silpnu /ə/ priekyje — ir lygiai taip pat kaip aloud „garsiai“.

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Tekstas

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Pratimai

30 min

1. Įrašymas.

  1. I swim when I was five. (mokėjau)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (būsimasis laikas)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (dabar)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (negalėjau)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Rodyti atsakymus
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Pasirinkimas.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Rodyti atsakymus
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Perrašykite su be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — Perfect forma)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — Perfect forma)
Rodyti atsakymus
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Perrašykite su be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Rodyti atsakymus
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Perrašykite su be allowed to arba don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (būsimasis laikas)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (paklauskite apie taisykles)
Rodyti atsakymus
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Rodyti atsakymus
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Atsakykite pilnais sakiniais

— apie save. Atsakymai žemiau — pavyzdys. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Rodyti atsakymus
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Po mėnesio galėsiu kalbėti angliškai laisviau. 2) Buvo sunku, bet suspėjome į paskutinį traukinį. 3) Traukinys turėjo atvykti šeštą. 4) Tau nereikia ateiti rytoj. 5) Čia rūkyti nepriimta.

Rodyti atsakymus
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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Santrauka

Išmokta: be able to visais laikais ir po kitų veiksmažodžių, could prieš managed to ir was able to; taisyklės — be supposed to esamajame ir būtajame laike, be allowed to prieš can ir not supposed to, don't need to prieš mustn't, visa pareigos skalė. Toliau — 12 pamoka: 7–11 pamokų kartojimas.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 84

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

14 žodžių
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ galėti, būti pajėgiam
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ sugebėti, pavykti
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ turėti (pagal taisykles, susitarimą)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ turėti teisę, galėti (su leidimu)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ nešiojamasis kompiuteris
  • fix /fɪks/ taisyti
  • save /seɪv/ išsaugoti
  • file /faɪl/ failas
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ skaičiai
  • straight /streɪt/ tiesiai, iš karto
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ per naktį
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ akiniai
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ ugniagesys
  • locked /lɒkt/ užrakintas

Rašymas

Penki šeši sakiniai apie dieną, kuri klostėsi ne pagal planą: ką turėjote padaryti, ko nepavyko, kas vis dėlto pavyko ir ko dabar nebereikia daryti.

Pavyzdys

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

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