Граматика ~55 мин от основното остана

Да говоря за задължение и умение

След този урок можете

Мога точно да кажа какво съм длъжен да направя, какво не е нужно и какво съм успял да направя.

Започни урока Ядро 55 мин · стъпки: 6 · по избор: +2

Декларирано време за ядрото. Два от блоковете в ядрото нямат цифра, затова реалният урок е по-дълъг от тази сума.

Граматика

16 мин.

Урокът събира две теми, които на A2 останаха незавършени. Първата е умението и успехът: can (A1 #20) има твърде малко форми. Втората са правилата: към must, have to (A2 #10) и should (A2 #11) се добавят „така се полага“, „така може“ и „така не е нужно“.

be able to — умение във всяко време. can има само две форми: can и could. Бъдеще, перфект, форма след друг глагол той няма — там работи be able to.

бъдеще I'll be able to swim by the summer.
перфект I haven't been able to sleep this week.
след друг глагол I'd like to be able to speak French.
след модален глагол You might be able to get a ticket online.
минало I wasn't able to come yesterday.

В сегашно време обикновено се казва can: I can swim звучи по-естествено от I'm able to swim.

Можех или успях? В миналото английският различава две неща, горе-долу като българските „можех“ и „успях“. could е умение изобщо, за някакъв период: I could read when I was four. Успехът в един конкретен случай е was able to или managed to. managed to подчертава: беше трудно, но се получи.

I could swim when I was six. Можех да плувам на шест години.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Успях да доплувам — тогава.

В отрицанието тази разлика я няма, couldn't върви винаги: I couldn't find my keys this morning. С глаголите за възприятие see, hear could е нормално и за единичен случай: I could hear music next door.

was able to и managed to в утвърждение са почти равни, но managed to направо говори за трудност и усилие. Затова толкова често до него стоят but и in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ако трудност не е имало, обикновено се казва просто Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — така се полага, така сме се уговорили. Задължението не идва от говорещия и не от закона, а от правила, уговорка или чужди очаквания. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — така е прието. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — така е уговорено. Често в тази форма се чува, че на практика излиза другояче: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. В минало време това почти винаги е „трябваше да стане, но не стана“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — а пристигна в седем. not supposed to е мека забрана по правилата, по-мека от mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed тук е прилагателно, затова be е нужно винаги: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Сравнете с have to. I have to be at work at nine — нямам избор: ако закъснея, ще има неприятности. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — такова е правилото, но звучи така, сякаш може да се наруши и може би аз ще го наруша. Затова be supposed to е удобно, когато обяснявате защо нещо не е станало по план.

be allowed to — така може, това е разрешено. Разрешението идва от някой друг: правила, закон, родители, шеф. allowed е третата форма на allow „разрешавам“, така че по устройство това е страдателен залог, познат от надписа Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): не „аз разрешавам“, а „на мен ми е разрешено“. be се променя по лица и времена, а allowed to + глагол остава.

утвърждение We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
отрицание You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
въпрос Are we allowed to take photos?
минало I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
бъдеще Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can или be allowed to? В сегашно време за разрешение често се казва просто can: You can park here after six. be allowed to подчертава, че разрешението идва от правилата или от друг човек, и затова звучи по-точно, когато съобщавате правила или питате за тях: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? В бъдеще и в перфект can няма форма и be allowed to е задължително — точно както be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? За миналото границата е същата като между could и managed to: could — разрешение изобщо, за дълго време (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — разрешение в един случай (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to или allowed to? И двете форми са за правила, но казват различни неща. supposed to — какво се полага да се прави, allowed to — какво може. В отрицанието разликата е в силата:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. така се полага: това е задължение
You're allowed to bring one bag. така може: това е разрешение
You're not supposed to park here. не е прието — меко, и мнозина все пак паркират
You're not allowed to park here. забранено е — направо, без уговорки

don't need to — няма нужда. Това е същото като don't have to (A2 #10): може и да не се прави. need тук е обикновен глагол с to, затова отрицанието, въпросът и миналото се строят с do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Не го бъркайте с mustn't и not allowed to — „не бива“: You don't need to come — може и да не идвате; You aren't allowed to come — забранено е да идвате.

Цялата скала с един пример:

I must finish today. сам така реших
I have to finish today. налагат го обстоятелствата
I'm supposed to finish today. така се уговорихме — но дали ще успея?
I should finish today. би било правилно
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. разрешиха ми да завърша утре
I don't need to finish today. няма нужда
I mustn't forget the figures. не бива

Така не се казва. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need е обикновен глагол и след него е нужно to.

Проверете се. could или managed to: „беше трудно, но успях да хвана влака“? Какво значи The film was supposed to start at eight? Как да кажете „не ни разрешават да използваме телефоните си на работа“?

покажи отговорите
managed to — успех в един случай: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; филмът трябваше да започне в осем, но започна по-късно или изобщо не започна; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Грешки на българоговорящите

адаптиран за вашия език
1

Два модални глагола един след друг

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

„Ще мога“ е обикновеното бъдеще време на „мога“ и се сглобява от will и can. Но два модални глагола един след друг в английския не стоят; второто място заема be able to.

2

could за успех в един случай

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Можах да го взема“ е минало свършено време на „мога“ и could изглежда точен превод. Но could в утвърждение значи умение изобщо, като „можех“, а за успеха в онзи случай е managed to — „успях“.

3

supposed to и allowed to без be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. На български тук стои един глагол — „трябва“, „може“, „не ни разрешават“, — затова и английската форма се строи като глагол, с don't, а 'm на слух се слива със supposed. Но supposed тук е прилагателно, а allowed — част от страдателния залог; и на двете е нужно be, и отрицанието се строи с него: aren't allowed. По същата причина на писмо се губи -d: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

4

Безличното „не е позволено“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

„Тук не е позволено да се пуши“ е безлично изречение и английското се започва с It. Но при be allowed to подлог е онзи, на когото разрешават или забраняват: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Ако искате да назовете самия забранен предмет, той става подлог: Pets aren't allowed, а на табелата пише просто No smoking.

Произношение

4 мин.

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d и t се сливат в едно /t/. Първата сричка е неударена — /sə/, ударението е на втората: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, с ударено /eɪ/, както в table. be able to се изговаря цялото, на един дъх: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to е слабо /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ пред /t/ почти изчезва. Също и в allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ и /t/ се сливат, както в supposed to. allowed звучи като loud със слабо /ə/ отпред — и точно като aloud „на глас“.

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Текст

5 мин.

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Упражнения

30 мин.

1. Попълване.

  1. I swim when I was five. (можех)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (бъдеще)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (сега)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (не можах)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Покажи отговорите
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Избор.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Покажи отговорите
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Препишете с be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — перфект)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — перфект)
Покажи отговорите
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Препишете с be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Покажи отговорите
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Препишете с be allowed to или don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (бъдеще)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (попитайте за правилата)
Покажи отговорите
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Откриване на грешката.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Покажи отговорите
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Отговорете с пълни изречения

— за себе си. Отговорите по-долу са образец. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Покажи отговорите
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Преведете на английски.

1) След месец ще мога да говоря английски по-свободно. 2) Беше трудно, но успяхме да хванем последния влак. 3) Влакът трябваше да пристигне в шест. 4) Няма нужда да идваш утре. 5) Тук не е прието да се пуши.

Покажи отговорите
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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Обобщение

Усвоено: be able to във всички времена и след други глаголи, could срещу managed to и was able to; правилата — be supposed to в сегашно и минало време, be allowed to срещу can и not supposed to, don't need to срещу mustn't, цялата скала на задължението. Следва урок 12: преговор на уроци 7–11.

Край на основното

Урокът се отбелязва като завършен, след като упражненията са направени. Всичко след това е по избор.

Урок 84

по избор

Думи за тестето

14 думи
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ мога, в състояние съм
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ успявам да
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ трябва да (по правило, по уговорка)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ имам право, разрешено ми е
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ лаптоп
  • fix /fɪks/ поправям
  • save /seɪv/ запазвам
  • file /faɪl/ файл
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ цифри, данни
  • straight /streɪt/ направо, веднага
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ през нощта
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ очила
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ пожарникар
  • locked /lɒkt/ заключен

Писане

Пет-шест изречения за ден, който не е минал по план: какво трябваше да направите, какво не успяхте, какво все пак се получи и какво сега няма нужда да правите.

Образец

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Контролен списък

Черновата се запазва на това устройство
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