Málfræði ~55 mín af kjarna eftir

Að segja frá skyldu og getu

Eftir þessa kennslustund geturðu

Ég get sagt nákvæmlega hvað ég á að gera, hvað ég þarf ekki að gera og hvað mér tókst.

Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 55 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

16 mín.

Lexían tengir saman tvö efni sem urðu ekki fullkláruð á A2. Hið fyrra er geta og árangur: can (lexía A1 #20) á of fáar myndir. Hið síðara eru reglur: við must, have to (lexía A2 #10) og should (lexía A2 #11) bætast „svona á að gera“, „þetta má“ og „þetta þarf ekki“.

be able to — geta í hvaða tíð sem er. can á aðeins tvær myndir: can og could. Framtíð, núliðna tíð og mynd á eftir annarri sögn hefur það ekki — þar tekur be able to við.

framtíð I'll be able to swim by the summer.
núliðin tíð I haven't been able to sleep this week.
á eftir annarri sögn I'd like to be able to speak French.
á eftir háttarsögn You might be able to get a ticket online.
þátíð I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Í nútíð er yfirleitt sagt can: I can swim hljómar eðlilegar en I'm able to swim.

Kunni eða tókst? Í þátíð greinir enskan á milli þess sem á íslensku rennur oft saman í „gat“. could — geta almennt, yfir eitthvert tímabil: I could read when I was four. Árangur í einu tilteknu skipti — was able to eða managed to. managed to leggur áherslu á að þetta hafi verið erfitt, en tekist — eins og íslenska „mér tókst að“.

I could swim when I was six. Kunni að synda sex ára gamall.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Tókst að synda að bátnum — í það skiptið.

Í neitun er þessi munur ekki til, couldn't gengur alltaf: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Með skynjunarsögnunum see, hear er could líka eðlilegt um eitt skipti: I could hear music next door.

was able to og managed to eru nánast jöfn í staðhæfingu, en managed to segir beint frá erfiðleikum og fyrirhöfn. Þess vegna fylgja því svo oft but og in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ef engir erfiðleikar voru er yfirleitt sagt einfaldlega Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — svona á að gera, svona var samið. Skyldan kemur hvorki frá þeim sem talar né frá lögunum, heldur frá reglum, samkomulagi eða væntingum annarra. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — svona er venjan. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — svona var samið. Oft heyrist í þessari mynd að raunin verður önnur: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Í þátíð merkir hún nær alltaf „átti að, en gerðist ekki“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — en kom klukkan sjö. not supposed to er milt bann samkvæmt reglum, mildara en mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed er hér lýsingarorð, þess vegna þarf alltaf be: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Berðu saman við have to. I have to be at work at nine — ég á ekkert val: ef ég kem of seint lendi ég í vandræðum. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — þetta er reglan, en það hljómar eins og hægt sé að brjóta hana og ég geri það kannski. Þess vegna hentar be supposed to vel þegar þú útskýrir hvers vegna eitthvað fór ekki eftir áætlun.

be allowed to — þetta má, þetta er leyft. Leyfið kemur frá einhverjum öðrum: reglum, lögum, foreldrum, yfirmanni. allowed er þriðja mynd sagnarinnar allow „leyfa“, svo að þetta er í raun þolmynd, sú sem þú þekkir af tilkynningunni Pets aren't allowed (lexía A2 #19): ekki „ég leyfi“, heldur „mér er leyft“. be breytist eftir persónum og tíðum, en allowed to + sögn helst óbreytt.

staðhæfing We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
neitun You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
spurning Are we allowed to take photos?
þátíð I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
framtíð Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can eða be allowed to? Í nútíð er oft einfaldlega sagt can um leyfi: You can park here after six. be allowed to leggur áherslu á að leyfið komi frá reglum eða annarri manneskju, og hljómar því nákvæmara þegar sagt er frá reglum eða spurt um þær: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Í framtíð og í núliðinni tíð á can enga mynd, og þá er be allowed to nauðsynlegt — eins og be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Um fortíðina gildir sama markalína og hjá could og managed to: could — leyfi almennt, yfir langan tíma (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — leyfi í eitt skipti (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to eða allowed to? Hvort tveggja snýst um reglur, en segir frá ólíku. supposed to — það sem á að gera, allowed to — það sem má. Í neitun er munurinn í styrknum:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. svona á að gera: þetta er skylda
You're allowed to bring one bag. þetta má: þetta er leyfi
You're not supposed to park here. svona á ekki að gera — milt, og margir leggja þar samt
You're not allowed to park here. bannað — beint, án fyrirvara

don't need to — engin þörf. Þetta er það sama og don't have to (lexía A2 #10): það má sleppa því. need er hér venjuleg sögn með to, þess vegna eru neitun, spurning og þátíð myndaðar með do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Ekki rugla því saman við mustn't og not allowed to — „má ekki“: You don't need to come — þú þarft ekki að koma; You aren't allowed to come — þú mátt ekki koma.

Allur kvarðinn í einu dæmi:

I must finish today. ég ákvað það sjálf(ur)
I have to finish today. aðstæðurnar krefjast þess
I'm supposed to finish today. um það var samið — en næ ég því?
I should finish today. það væri rétt
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. ég fékk leyfi til að klára á morgun
I don't need to finish today. ég þarf þess ekki
I mustn't forget the figures. má ekki

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need er venjuleg sögn, og á eftir henni þarf to.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. could eða managed to: „það var erfitt, en ég náði lestinni“? Hvað merkir The film was supposed to start at eight? Hvernig segirðu „okkur er ekki leyft að nota símana okkar í vinnunni“?

sýna svörin
managed to — árangur í eitt skipti: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; myndin átti að byrja klukkan átta, en byrjaði seinna eða alls ekki; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Auglýsing

Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

„Mun geta“ orð fyrir orð

✗ I will can swim → ✓ I'll be able to swim. Íslenska „geta“ á sér allar myndir: „ég mun geta synt“, „ég hef ekki getað sofið“ — og það dregur að will can. En can á engar slíkar myndir, og tvær háttarsagnir standa aldrei hlið við hlið. Annað sætið tekur be able to: „hef ekki getað sofið“ → ✓ I haven't been able to sleep.

2

„Gat“ um eitt skipti

„Prófið var erfitt, en ég gat náð því“ → ✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it → ✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it. Íslenska „gat“ nær yfir hvort tveggja, en could í staðhæfingu merkir getu almennt, ekki heppni í það skiptið. Hugsaðu um „mér tókst að“ — þá kemur managed to af sjálfu sér.

3

„Átti að“ sem should

„Ég átti að senda þér hana í gær“ → ✗ I should send it to you yesterday → ✓ I was supposed to send it to you yesterday. Íslenska „eiga að“ nær bæði yfir „það væri rétt“ og „það var ætlunin“. Enska should er aðeins „það væri rétt“ (lexía A2 #11) og segir ekkert um áætlun í fortíðinni. „Lestin átti að koma klukkan sex“ — ✓ The train was supposed to arrive at six.

4

„Það má ekki…“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Íslenska setningin byrjar gjarnan á „það“: „það má ekki reykja hér“, „það er bannað að…“. En frumlag be allowed to er sá sem fær leyfi eða fær það ekki: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Viljirðu nefna sjálft það sem er bannað verður það frumlag: Pets aren't allowed, en á skilti stendur einfaldlega No smoking.

Framburður

4 mín.

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d og t renna saman í eitt /t/. Fyrsta atkvæðið er áherslulaust — /sə/, áherslan er á öðru: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, með áhersluberandi /eɪ/, eins og í table. be able to er borið fram í heild, í einum andardrætti: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to er veikt /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ á undan /t/ hverfur nánast. Eins í allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ og /t/ renna saman, eins og í supposed to. allowed hljómar eins og loud með veiku /ə/ fremst — og nákvæmlega eins og aloud „upphátt“.

Auglýsing

Texti

5 mín.

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Upplesin

Æfingar

30 mín.

1. Eyðufylling.

  1. I swim when I was five. (kunni)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (framtíð)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (núna)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (gat ekki)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Sýna svörin
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Val.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Sýna svörin
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Umorðaðu með be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — núliðin tíð)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — núliðin tíð)
Sýna svörin
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Umorðaðu með be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Sýna svörin
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Umorðaðu með be allowed to eða don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (framtíð)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (spurðu um reglurnar)
Sýna svörin
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Villuleit.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Sýna svörin
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Svaraðu í heilum setningum

— um þig. Svörin hér fyrir neðan eru fyrirmynd. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Sýna svörin
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Eftir mánuð mun ég geta talað ensku liprar. 2) Það var erfitt, en okkur tókst að ná síðustu lestinni. 3) Lestin átti að koma klukkan sex. 4) Þú þarft ekki að koma á morgun. 5) Hér á ekki að reykja.

Sýna svörin
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Auglýsing

Samantekt

Farið yfir: be able to í öllum tíðum og á eftir öðrum sögnum, could andspænis managed to og was able to; reglur — be supposed to í nútíð og þátíð, be allowed to andspænis can og not supposed to, don't need to andspænis mustn't, allur kvarði skyldunnar. Næst — lexía 12: upprifjun á lexíum 7–11.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 84

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

14 orð
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ geta, vera fær um
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ ná að, takast
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ eiga að (samkvæmt reglu, samkomulagi)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ mega, fá að (með leyfi)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ fartölva
  • fix /fɪks/ laga, gera við
  • save /seɪv/ vista
  • file /faɪl/ skrá
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ tölur
  • straight /streɪt/ beint, strax
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ yfir nóttina
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ gleraugu
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ slökkviliðsmaður
  • locked /lɒkt/ læstur

Ritun

Fimm til sex setningar um dag sem fór ekki eftir áætlun: hvað þú áttir að gera, hvað þú gast ekki, hvað þér tókst samt og hvað þú þarft nú ekki að gera.

Fyrirmynd

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

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