Gramatika ~55 min no pamata palicis

Pateikt par pienākumu un prasmi

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu precīzi pateikt, kas man jādara, kas nav jādara un kas man izdevās.

Sākt mācību Kodols 55 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

16 min

Nodarbība apvieno divas tēmas, kas A2 līmenī palika nepabeigtas. Pirmā — prasme un veiksme: can (A1 #20) ir pārāk maz formu. Otrā — noteikumi: pie must, have to (A2 #10) un should (A2 #11) nāk klāt „tā pieņemts”, „tā drīkst” un „tas nav vajadzīgs”.

be able to — prasme jebkurā laikā. can ir tikai divas formas: can un could. Nākotnes, perfekta un formas pēc cita darbības vārda tam nav — tur strādā be able to.

nākotne I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfekts I haven't been able to sleep this week.
pēc cita darbības vārda I'd like to be able to speak French.
pēc modālā You might be able to get a ticket online.
pagātne I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Tagadnē parasti saka can: I can swim skan dabiskāk nekā I'm able to swim.

Prata vai izdevās? Pagātnē angļu valoda atšķir to, ko latviski var pateikt ar vienu „varēju”. could — prasme vispār, kādā laika posmā: I could read when I was four. Veiksme vienā konkrētā gadījumā — was able to vai managed to. managed to uzsver: bija grūti, bet izdevās.

I could swim when I was six. Sešu gadu vecumā pratu peldēt.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Izdevās aizpeldēt — tajā reizē.

Noliegumā šīs atšķirības nav, couldn't der vienmēr: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Ar uztveres darbības vārdiem see, hear arī could par vienu gadījumu ir normāls: I could hear music next door.

was able to un managed to apgalvojumā ir gandrīz vienādi, bet managed to tieši runā par grūtībām un piepūli. Tāpēc tam tik bieži blakus ir but un in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ja grūtību nebija, parasti saka vienkārši Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — tā pieņemts, tā norunāts. Pienākums nāk nevis no runātāja un nevis no likuma, bet no noteikumiem, vienošanās vai citu cilvēku gaidām. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — tā pieņemts. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — tā norunāts. Bieži šajā formā dzirdams, ka patiesībā iznāk citādi: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Pagātnē tas gandrīz vienmēr ir „vajadzēja, bet nenotika”: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — bet pienāca septiņos. not supposed to — maigs aizliegums pēc noteikumiem, maigāks nekā mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed šeit ir īpašības vārds, tāpēc be vajag vienmēr: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Salīdziniet ar have to. I have to be at work at nine — man nav izvēles: nokavēšu — būs nepatikšanas. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — tāds ir noteikums, bet skan tā, it kā to varētu pārkāpt, un varbūt es to arī pārkāpšu. Tāpēc be supposed to labi der, kad jūs paskaidrojat, kāpēc kaut kas nenotika pēc plāna.

be allowed to — tā drīkst, tas ir atļauts. Atļauju dod kāds cits: noteikumi, likums, vecāki, priekšnieks. allowed ir trešā forma no allow „atļaut”, tātad pēc uzbūves tā ir ciešamā kārta, pazīstama no paziņojuma Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): nevis „es atļauju”, bet „man ir atļauts”. be mainās pa personām un laikiem, bet allowed to + darbības vārds paliek.

apgalvojums We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
noliegums You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
jautājums Are we allowed to take photos?
pagātne I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
nākotne Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can vai be allowed to? Tagadnē par atļauju bieži saka vienkārši can: You can park here after six. be allowed to uzsver, ka atļauja nāk no noteikumiem vai no cita cilvēka, un tāpēc skan precīzāk, kad par noteikumiem ziņo vai jautā: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Nākotnē un perfektā can formas nav, un be allowed to vajag obligāti — tāpat kā be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Par pagātni robeža ir tā pati, kas starp could un managed to: could — atļauja vispār, uz ilgu laiku (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — atļauja vienā gadījumā (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to vai allowed to? Abas formas ir par noteikumiem, bet runā par dažādām lietām. supposed to — kas jādara, allowed to — kas drīkst. Noliegumā atšķirība ir stiprumā:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. tā pieņemts: tas ir pienākums
You're allowed to bring one bag. tā drīkst: tā ir atļauja
You're not supposed to park here. tā nav pieņemts — maigi, un daudzi tomēr novieto mašīnu
You're not allowed to park here. aizliegts — tieši, bez atrunām

don't need to — nav vajadzības. Tas pats, kas don't have to (A2 #10): var nedarīt. need šeit ir parasts darbības vārds ar to, tāpēc noliegumu, jautājumu un pagātni veido ar do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Nejauciet to ar mustn't un not allowed to — „nedrīkst”: You don't need to come — var nenākt; You aren't allowed to come — nākt aizliegts.

Visa skala vienā piemērā:

I must finish today. pats tā izlēmu
I have to finish today. to prasa apstākļi
I'm supposed to finish today. tā norunāts — bet vai paspēšu?
I should finish today. tā būtu pareizi
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. atļāva pabeigt rīt
I don't need to finish today. šodien var nepabeigt
I mustn't forget the figures. nedrīkst

Tā nesaka. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need ir parasts darbības vārds, un pēc tā vajag to.

Pārbaudiet sevi. could vai managed to: „bija grūti, bet es paspēju uz vilcienu”? Ko nozīmē The film was supposed to start at eight? Kā pateikt „darbā mums neļauj lietot telefonus”?

rādīt atbildes
managed to — veiksme vienā gadījumā: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; filmai bija jāsākas astoņos, bet tā sākās vēlāk vai nesākās vispār; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

Divi modālie pēc kārtas

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Latviešu „varēšu” ir viens vārds ar nākotnes galotni, un to gribas salikt no will un can. Bet divi modālie darbības vārdi angļu valodā pēc kārtas nestāv; otro vietu aizņem be able to.

2

could par veiksmi vienā gadījumā

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Varēju nokārtot” ir „varēt” pagātne, un could šķiet precīzs tulkojums. Bet could apgalvojumā nozīmē prasmi vispār, nevis veiksmi tajā reizē. Labāks balsts ir „izdevās”: „man izdevās nokārtot” — I managed to pass.

3

had to tur, kur vajag was supposed to

The train had to arrive at six skan tā, it kā vilcienam nebūtu bijis izvēles. „Vilcienam bija jāpienāk sešos” (bet tas kavējas) ir ✓ The train was supposed to arrive at six. Latviešu „bija jā-” sedz abas nozīmes — gan piespiedu pienākumu, gan plānu, kas neizdevās; angļu valodā tās ir divas formas.

4

supposed to un allowed to bez be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Latviski „smēķēt aizliegts”, „ieeja atļauta” iztiek bez „ir”, un 'm dzirdot saplūst ar nākamo vārdu. Bet supposed šeit ir īpašības vārds, allowed — ciešamās kārtas daļa, un abiem vajag be; arī noliegumu veido ar to: aren't allowed, nevis don't allowed.

5

Bezpersonisks „nav atļauts”

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Latviešu „šeit nav atļauts smēķēt” ir bezpersonisks, un teikumu gribas sākt ar It. Bet be allowed to teikuma priekšmets ir tas, kam atļauj vai aizliedz: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Ja gribas nosaukt pašu aizliegto lietu, teikuma priekšmets ir tā: Pets aren't allowed, bet uz zīmes raksta vienkārši No smoking.

Izruna

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d un t saplūst vienā /t/. Pirmā zilbe ir neuzsvērta — /sə/, uzsvars uz otrās: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, ar uzsvērto /eɪ/, kā vārdā table. be able to izrunā visu kopā, vienā elpas vilcienā: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — vājais /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ pirms /t/ gandrīz pazūd. Tāpat allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ un /t/ saplūst, kā supposed to. allowed skan kā loud ar vājo /ə/ priekšā — un tieši tāpat kā aloud „skaļi”.

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Teksts

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Ievietošana.

  1. I swim when I was five. (pratu)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (nākotne)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (tagad)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (nevarēju)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Rādīt atbildes
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Izvēle.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Rādīt atbildes
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Pārrakstiet ar be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfekts)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfekts)
Rādīt atbildes
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Pārrakstiet ar be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Rādīt atbildes
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Pārrakstiet ar be allowed to vai don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (nākotne)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (pajautājiet par noteikumiem)
Rādīt atbildes
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Rādīt atbildes
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Atbildiet pilnos teikumos

— par sevi. Atbildes zemāk ir paraugs. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Rādīt atbildes
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Pēc mēneša es varēšu runāt angliski brīvāk. 2) Bija grūti, bet mēs paspējām uz pēdējo vilcienu. 3) Vilcienam bija paredzēts pienākt sešos. 4) Tev rīt nav jānāk. 5) Šeit nav pieņemts smēķēt.

Rādīt atbildes
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Reklāma

Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: be able to visos laikos un pēc citiem darbības vārdiem, could pret managed to un was able to; noteikumi — be supposed to tagadnē un pagātnē, be allowed to pret can un not supposed to, don't need to pret mustn't, visa pienākuma skala. Tālāk — 12. nodarbība: 7.–11. nodarbības atkārtojums.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 84

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

14 vārdi
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ spēt, varēt
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ izdoties, paspēt
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ vajadzēt (pēc noteikumiem, pēc norunas)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ drīkstēt (ar atļauju)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ klēpjdators
  • fix /fɪks/ salabot
  • save /seɪv/ saglabāt
  • file /faɪl/ fails
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ skaitļi
  • straight /streɪt/ tieši, uzreiz
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ pa nakti, uz nakti
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ brilles
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ ugunsdzēsējs
  • locked /lɒkt/ aizslēgts

Rakstīšana

Pieci seši teikumi par dienu, kas negāja pēc plāna: kas jums bija jāizdara, ko jūs nevarējāt, kas tomēr izdevās un ko tagad var nedarīt.

Paraugs

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Praktizē šo nodarbību citās sadaļās

Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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