Gramàtica ~55 min del nucli restant

Parlar de l'obligació i la capacitat

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé dir amb precisió què estic obligat a fer, què no cal que faci i què he aconseguit fer.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 55 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

16 min

Aquesta lliçó reuneix dos temes que a l'A2 van quedar incomplets. El primer és l'habilitat i l'èxit: can (A1 #20) té massa poques formes. El segon són les normes: a must, have to (A2 #10) i should (A2 #11) s'hi afegeixen «és el que toca», «està permès» i «no cal».

be able to: l'habilitat en qualsevol temps. can només té dues formes: can i could. No té futur, ni perfet, ni forma per anar darrere d'un altre verb — aquí treballa be able to.

futur I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfet I haven't been able to sleep this week.
darrere d'un altre verb I'd like to be able to speak French.
darrere d'un modal You might be able to get a ticket online.
passat I wasn't able to come yesterday.

En present se sol dir can: I can swim sona més natural que I'm able to swim.

«Podia» o «vaig poder»? En passat l'anglès separa dues coses que el català també separa amb el temps del verb. could és «podia», «sabia»: l'habilitat en general, durant un temps: I could read when I was four. L'èxit en un cas concret, «vaig poder», «vaig aconseguir», és was able to o managed to. managed to subratlla que va costar, però va sortir bé.

I could swim when I was six. Als sis anys ja sabia nedar.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Vaig aconseguir arribar nedant a la barca — aquella vegada.

A la negació aquesta diferència no hi és, i couldn't serveix sempre: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Amb els verbs de percepció see, hear, could també va bé per a un cas concret: I could hear music next door.

was able to i managed to en una afirmació són gairebé iguals, però managed to parla directament de la dificultat i de l'esforç. Per això sovint l'acompanyen but i in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Si no hi va haver cap dificultat, se sol dir simplement en Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to: és el que toca, és el que s'ha acordat. L'obligació no ve de qui parla ni de la llei, sinó de les normes, d'un acord o del que esperen els altres. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — és el costum. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — és el que s'ha acordat. Sovint aquesta forma deixa entendre que a la pràctica no passa així: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. En passat és gairebé sempre «havia de…, però no va passar»: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — i va arribar a les set. not supposed to és una prohibició suau, segons les normes, més suau que mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed aquí és un adjectiu, i per això sempre cal be: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Compara-ho amb have to. I have to be at work at nine: no tinc opció; si arribo tard, tindré problemes. I'm supposed to be at work at nine: aquesta és la norma, però sona com si es pogués saltar i potser me la saltaré. Per això be supposed to va molt bé quan expliques per què una cosa no ha sortit com estava previst.

be allowed to: es pot, està permès. El permís el dona algú altre: les normes, la llei, els pares, el cap. allowed és la tercera forma d'allow «permetre», de manera que, per com està construït, és una passiva, la que ja coneixes de l'avís Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): no «jo permeto», sinó «a mi em permeten». be canvia segons la persona i el temps, i allowed to + verb es queda igual.

afirmació We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
negació You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
pregunta Are we allowed to take photos?
passat I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
futur Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can o be allowed to? En present, per al permís sovint es diu simplement can: You can park here after six. be allowed to remarca que el permís ve de les normes o d'una altra persona, i per això sona més precís quan s'informa de les normes o se'n pregunta: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? En futur i en perfet can no té forma, i be allowed to és obligatori, igual que be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? En passat la frontera és la mateixa que entre could i managed to: could és un permís en general, durant molt de temps (As a child I could watch TV until nine); was allowed to, un permís en un cas concret (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to o allowed to? Totes dues formes parlen de normes, però diuen coses diferents. supposed to és el que toca fer; allowed to, el que es pot fer. A la negació la diferència és de força:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. és el que toca: és una obligació
You're allowed to bring one bag. es pot: és un permís
You're not supposed to park here. no és el que toca — suau, i molta gent hi aparca igualment
You're not allowed to park here. està prohibit — directament, sense matisos

don't need to: no cal. És el mateix que don't have to (A2 #10): no és obligatori fer-ho. need aquí és un verb normal amb to, i per això la negació, la pregunta i el passat es fan amb do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. No el confonguis amb mustn't i not allowed to, «no es pot»: You don't need to come — no cal que vinguis; You aren't allowed to come — tens prohibit venir.

Tota l'escala amb un sol exemple:

I must finish today. ho he decidit jo
I have to finish today. ho exigeixen les circumstàncies
I'm supposed to finish today. és el que s'ha acordat — però hi arribaré?
I should finish today. seria el correcte
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. m'han deixat acabar demà
I don't need to finish today. no cal
I mustn't forget the figures. no es pot

Així no es diu. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need és un verb normal, i darrere cal to.

Posa't a prova. could o managed to: «va ser difícil, però vaig agafar el tren»? Què vol dir The film was supposed to start at eight? Com es diu «a la feina no ens deixen fer servir el mòbil»?

mostra les respostes
managed to — l'èxit en un cas concret: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; la pel·lícula havia de començar a les vuit, però va començar més tard o no va començar; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

«Podré» amb dos modals

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

«Podré» és una sola paraula, i sembla que n'hi hagi prou d'ajuntar will i can. Però en anglès dos verbs modals no van seguits; el segon lloc l'ocupa be able to.

2

«Vaig poder» → could

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

El diccionari dona could tant per a «podia» com per a «vaig poder». Però could en una afirmació és «podia», l'habilitat en general; el «vaig poder» d'un cas concret és managed to o was able to.

3

«Se suposa que…» paraula per paraula

✗ Is supposed that I'm at work at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be at work at nine. La frase catalana comença per «se suposa» i no té subjecte. En l'anglesa el subjecte és la persona de qui s'espera alguna cosa, i darrere ve to + verb. Sense be tampoc funciona: ✗ I supposed to be there → ✓ I'm supposed to be there.

4

«No està permès fumar»

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

La frase catalana és impersonal, i l'anglesa surt amb It. Però el subjecte de be allowed to és qui té o no té permís: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Al cartell n'hi ha prou amb No smoking.

Pronunciació

4 min

supposed to és /səˈpəʊs tə/: la -d i la t es fonen en una sola /t/. La primera síl·laba és àtona, /sə/, i l'accent cau a la segona: su-POSED.

able és /ˈeɪbl/, amb la /eɪ/ tònica, com a table. be able to es diu sencer, d'una tirada: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to és la forma feble /tə/.

managed to és /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: la /d/ davant de la /t/ gairebé desapareix. Igual a allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: la /d/ i la /t/ es fonen, com a supposed to. allowed sona com loud amb una /ə/ feble al davant, i exactament igual que aloud «en veu alta».

Anunci

Text

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Lectura en veu alta

Exercicis

30 min

1. Omplir els buits.

  1. I swim when I was five. (en sabia)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (futur)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (ara)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (no vaig poder)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Mostra les respostes
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Triar.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Mostra les respostes
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Reescriure amb be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfet)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfet)
Mostra les respostes
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Reescriure amb be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Mostra les respostes
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Reescriure amb be allowed to o don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (futur)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (pregunta per les normes)
Mostra les respostes
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Mostra les respostes
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Respondre amb frases completes

, sobre tu. Les respostes de sota són un model. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Mostra les respostes
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) D'aquí a un mes podré parlar anglès amb més fluïdesa. 2) Va ser difícil, però vam aconseguir agafar l'últim tren. 3) El tren havia d'arribar a les sis. 4) No cal que vinguis demà. 5) Se suposa que aquí no es fuma.

Mostra les respostes
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: be able to en tots els temps i darrere d'altres verbs, could contra managed to i was able to; les normes: be supposed to en present i en passat, be allowed to contra can i not supposed to, don't need to contra mustn't, tota l'escala de l'obligació. A continuació, la lliçó 12: repàs de les lliçons 7–11.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 84

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

14 paraules
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ poder, ser capaç de
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ aconseguir (fer)
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ haver de (segons les normes o el que s'ha acordat)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ tenir permís per, poder (amb permís)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ portàtil
  • fix /fɪks/ arreglar, reparar
  • save /seɪv/ desar, guardar
  • file /faɪl/ fitxer, arxiu
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ xifres
  • straight /streɪt/ directament
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ durant la nit
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ ulleres
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ bomber
  • locked /lɒkt/ tancat amb clau

Escriptura

Cinc o sis frases sobre un dia que no va sortir com estava previst: què havies de fer, què no vas poder fer, què vas aconseguir igualment i què ara ja no cal que facis.

Model

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Llista de comprovació

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Dictatbasat en aquesta lliçó Escriu el que escoltes. La comprovació mostra cada paraula que difereix, i com. Escriu el dictat Lectura en veu altabasat en aquesta lliçó Llegeix el text de la lliçó en veu alta: el reconeixement de veu ressalta les paraules que no ha captat. Llegeix el text en veu alta Lectura i escoltaA1–C1 Textos de tots els nivells amb preguntes de comprensió; la transcripció s’obre després de respondre. Prova-ho

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