Grammatika ~59 min tuumikust jäänud

Näidata muutust ja võrrelda

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan öelda mitte ainult seda, et midagi on suurem, vaid ka kui palju, ja kirjeldada muutust.

Alusta tundi Tuum 59 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

18 min

A2 #7-s õppisid võrdlema: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Seal oli ka much cheaper — „palju odavam“. B1 #28-s tuli sama asi määrsõnadega: more carefully. Nüüd muutub võrdlus täpseks. Oskad öelda, kui palju üks on teisest suurem, mitu korda, kuidas miski ajas muutub ja kuidas üks muutus toob kaasa teise.

Kui palju: sõna keskvõrde ees.

kui palju sõnad näide
palju much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
natuke a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
veel (rohkem kui niigi) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot ja a bit on kõnekeelsed, far ja slightly neutraalsed, neid kirjutatakse ka aruannetes. much sobib kõikjale. even tähendab, et ka esimene oli juba selline: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Tom on pikk, aga ta vend on veel pikem“.

very keskvõrdega ei sobi: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very tugevdab omadust ennast (very cheap), kahe asja vahet mõõdavad aga much ja far.

Samad sõnad töötavad määrsõnadega (She drives much more carefully than me) ning more ja less puhul nimisõna ees: far more money, a lot less time. Loendatavate puhul mitmuses öeldakse much more asemel many more või far more: There were many more people than last year.

Kui sarnane: sõna as … as ees.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. sugugi mitte halvem, täpselt samasugune
My flat is nearly as big as yours. peaaegu sama suur
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. kaugeltki mitte nii hea

Mitu korda: kordsus. Eesti keeles „kaks korda kallim“, „kolm korda suurem“ — kordade arv ja keskvõrre. Inglise keeles pannakse kordade arv as … as ette:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. kaks korda kallim
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. kolm korda pikem
The train takes half as long as the bus. poole vähem aega
This phone is half the price of that one. poole odavam
They earn twice as much as we do. teenivad kaks korda rohkem

„Kaks korda“ on twice, mitte ✗ two times; edasi three times, four times. „Poole väiksem, odavam, lühem“ on kõige mugavam öelda half-iga: half the price, half the size, half as long. Kuuled ka three times more expensive than — nii samuti räägitakse, eriti uudistes. Kuid three times as expensive as on kindlam: seda mõistetakse üheselt.

Muutus: keskvõrre kaks korda. „Aina külmem“, „üha kallim“ — keskvõrre, and ja sama keskvõrre veel kord. Tavaliselt get-i või become-ga:

It's getting colder and colder. Läheb aina külmemaks.
The days are getting longer and longer. Päevad lähevad aina pikemaks.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Korterid lähevad üha kallimaks.
I'm getting better and better at it. Mul tuleb see aina paremini välja.
We see each other less and less. Näeme üksteist aina harvem.

Pikkade omadussõnade puhul kordub ainult more: more and more expensive, mitte ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Üks muutub koos teisega: the …, the …. „Mida rohkem…, seda parem“. Mõlemad osad algavad the-ga ja keskvõrdega, alus ja verb tulevad järele:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Mida rohkem harjutan, seda paremini räägin.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Mida kauem ootasime, seda vihasemaks ta läks.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Mida vanemaks jään, seda vähem magan.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Mida varem lahkume, seda varem kohale jõuame.

Keskvõrre läheb algusesse koos oma sõnaga: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired ja mistakes seisavad kohe more järel. Lühikesed vormelid saavad hakkama ilma verbita: The sooner, the better. — „Mida varem, seda parem“. The bigger, the better. Osade vahele pannakse koma.

Muutus arvudes: by. Et öelda, kui palju miski tõusis või langes, on vaja eessõna by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Hinnad tõusid kümme protsenti“. The number of visitors fell by half. — „Külastajate arv vähenes poole võrra“. Tase, milleni jõuti, — to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Hind tõusis viie naelani“. Verbid: üles — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; alla — go down, fall, drop.

Veel näiteid:

The second exam was a lot easier. Teine eksam oli palju kergem.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Kas saaksid natuke aeglasemalt rääkida?
It's by far the best café in town. See on kahtlemata linna parim kohvik.

by far tugevdab ülivõrret: „kahtlemata, suure vahega“.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Keskvõrre moodustatakse ühel viisil: kas -er või more (A2 #7), ja much seisab valmis vormi ees.

Kontrolli ennast. Kuidas öelda „natuke kallim“? Kuidas on inglise keeles „poole odavam“? Pane lausetest I read more ja I understand more kokku üks lause the …, the …-ga.

näita vastuseid
a bit more expensive või slightly more expensive; half the price (või half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

„Kaks korda“ sõna-sõnalt

✗ two times bigger, ✗ two times cheaper → ✓ twice as big, ✓ half the price. Eesti „kaks korda suurem“ annab otse two times + keskvõrde. Inglise keeles on twice as … as, ja „kaks korda odavam“ on half the price — nagu eesti „poole odavam“.

2

than as … as-i lõpus

✗ twice as big than mine

✗ nearly as expensive than a petrol station

✓ twice as big as mine

nearly as expensive as a petrol station. Eesti „kui“ teenib nii „suurem kui“ kui ka „sama suur kui“ (A2 #7). Pärast as-i tuleb ka lõppu as.

3

the …, the … ilma the-ta

✗ More I practise, better I speak

✓ The more I practise, the better I speak

Eesti „mida…, seda…“ on kaks asesõna, artiklit eesti keeles pole, ja the kaob — nagu ülivõrde ees (A2 #8). Ilma selleta pole konstruktsiooni.

4

much mitmuse ees

✗ There were much more people than last year

✓ many more people

või far more people. Eesti „palju rohkem inimesi“ — üks „palju“ kõige jaoks, inglise keeles aga loendatava mitmuse ees many või far.

Hääldus

4 min

Rõhk on tugevdajal ja keskvõrdel:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Kui tahad rõhutada, kui suur on vahe, langeb hääl just much-ile, far-ile, even-ile.

the …, the … puhul on rõhulised mõlemad keskvõrdes sõnad. Esimene osa lõpeb hääle tõusuga, teine — langusega:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Nõrgad vormid: as väljendis twice as big as kõlab /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Rõhk on twice-il ja omadussõnal.

Tunni sõnad: twice /twaɪs/ — lõpus helitu /s/; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — teises silbis peaaegu pole täishäälikut; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — rõhk cent-il.

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Tekst

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

32 min

1. Pane lünka

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Näita vastuseid
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Moodusta

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Näita vastuseid
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Ühenda

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Näita vastuseid
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Kirjuta ümber

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Näita vastuseid
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Vea leidmine.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Näita vastuseid
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Täna on natuke soojem kui eile. 2) See telefon on poole odavam. 3) Läheb aina pimedamaks. 4) Mida varem, seda parem. 5) Hinnad on tõusnud kümme protsenti. 6) See film pole kaugeltki nii huvitav kui raamat.

Näita vastuseid
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Vasta täislausetega

— enda kohta. Allolevad vastused on näidis. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Näita vastuseid
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even keskvõrde ees ja very keeld; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; kordsus twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price abil; muutus colder and colder, more and more abil; the …, the …; muutus arvudes by ja to abil. Edasi — 36. tund: taseme kontroll.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 108

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

15 sõna
  • twice /twaɪs/ kaks korda
  • even /ˈiːvn/ veel (võrdluses)
  • far /fɑː/ palju (võrdluses)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ poole odavam
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ kahtlemata, suure vahega
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ protsent
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ tõusma (hindade, arvude kohta)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ langema
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ suurenema
  • drop /drɒp/ langema, vähenema
  • rent /rent/ üür
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ rahvast täis, ülerahvastatud
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ tankla
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ võrdlus
  • matter /ˈmætə/ tähtis olema, korda minema

Kirjutamine

Viis-kuus lauset: võrdle kahte kohta, kus oled elanud või töötanud, või oma elu praegu ja mõne aasta eest. Vaja on kahte tugevdajat, üht kordsust, üht „aina rohkem“ ja üht the …, the ….

Näidis

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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