Gramatika ~59 min no pamata palicis

Parādīt dinamiku un salīdzināt

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu pateikt ne tikai to, ka kaut kas ir lielāks, bet arī par cik, un aprakstīt pārmaiņas.

Sākt mācību Kodols 59 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

18 min

A2 #7 jūs iemācījāties salīdzināt: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Tur bija arī much cheaper — „daudz lētāks”. B1 #28 tas pats parādījās apstākļa vārdiem: more carefully. Tagad salīdzinājums kļūs precīzs. Jūs pateiksiet, par cik viens ir lielāks par otru, cik reizes, kā kaut kas mainās laika gaitā un kā viena pārmaiņa velk līdzi citu.

Par cik: vārds pirms pārākās pakāpes.

par cik vārdi piemērs
daudz much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
nedaudz a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
vēl (vairāk, nekā jau ir) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot un a bit ir sarunvalodas vārdi, far un slightly — neitrāli, tos raksta arī atskaitēs. much der visur. even nozīmē, ka arī pirmais jau bija tāds: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Toms ir garš, bet viņa brālis ir vēl garāks”.

very ar pārāko pakāpi nesavienojas: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very pastiprina pašu pazīmi (very cheap), bet starpību starp divām lietām mēra ar much un far.

Tie paši vārdi strādā ar apstākļa vārdiem (She drives much more carefully than me) un ar more, less pirms lietvārda: far more money, a lot less time. Ar skaitāmiem lietvārdiem daudzskaitlī much more vietā saka many more vai far more: There were many more people than last year.

Cik līdzīgi: vārds pirms as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. ne sliktāks, tieši tāds pats
My flat is nearly as big as yours. gandrīz tikpat liels
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. nebūt nav tik labs

Cik reizes: reizinājums. Latviski „divreiz dārgāks”, „trīs reizes lielāks”. Angliski reižu skaitu liek pirms as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. divreiz dārgāks
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. trīsreiz garāks
The train takes half as long as the bus. divreiz mazāk laika
This phone is half the price of that one. divreiz lētāks
They earn twice as much as we do. pelna divreiz vairāk

„Divreiz” — twice, nevis ✗ two times; tālāk three times, four times. „Divreiz mazāks, lētāks, īsāks” visērtāk pateikt ar half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Jūs dzirdēsiet arī three times more expensive than — tā arī saka, it īpaši ziņās. Bet three times as expensive as ir drošāks: to saprot viennozīmīgi.

Pārmaiņas: pārākā pakāpe divreiz. „Arvien aukstāks”, „arvien dārgāks” — pārākā pakāpe, and un tā pati vēlreiz. Parasti ar get vai become:

It's getting colder and colder. Kļūst arvien aukstāk.
The days are getting longer and longer. Dienas kļūst arvien garākas.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Dzīvokļi kļūst arvien dārgāki.
I'm getting better and better at it. Man tas sanāk arvien labāk.
We see each other less and less. Mēs tiekamies arvien retāk.

Gariem īpašības vārdiem atkārto tikai more: more and more expensive, nevis ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Viens mainās līdz ar otru: the …, the …. „Jo vairāk…, jo labāk”. Abas daļas sākas ar the un pārāko pakāpi, bet teikuma priekšmets un darbības vārds nāk pēc tām:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Jo vairāk praktizējos, jo labāk runāju.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Jo ilgāk mēs gaidījām, jo dusmīgāks viņš kļuva.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Jo vecāks kļūstu, jo mazāk guļu.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Jo ātrāk izbrauksim, jo ātrāk būsim tur.

Pārākā pakāpe iet uz sākumu kopā ar savu vārdu: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired un mistakes stāv uzreiz aiz more. Īsās formulas iztiek bez darbības vārda: The sooner, the better. — „Jo ātrāk, jo labāk”. The bigger, the better. Starp daļām liek komatu.

Pārmaiņas skaitļos: by. Lai pateiktu, par cik kaut kas pieaudzis vai samazinājies, vajag prievārdu by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Cenas ir pieaugušas par desmit procentiem”. The number of visitors fell by half. — „Apmeklētāju skaits samazinājās uz pusi”. Līmenis, līdz kuram nonāca, — to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Cena pieauga līdz piecām mārciņām”. Darbības vārdi: uz augšu — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; uz leju — go down, fall, drop.

Vēl piemēri:

The second exam was a lot easier. Otrais eksāmens bija daudz vieglāks.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Vai varētu mazliet lēnāk?
It's by far the best café in town. Tā nepārprotami ir labākā kafejnīca pilsētā.

by far pastiprina vispārāko pakāpi: „nepārprotami, ar lielu pārsvaru”.

Tā nesaka. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Pārāko pakāpi veido vienā veidā: vai nu -er, vai more (A2 #7), bet much stāv pirms gatavās formas.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Kā pateikt „mazliet dārgāks”? Kā angliski „divreiz lētāks”? Salieciet no I read more un I understand more vienu teikumu ar the …, the ….

rādīt atbildes
a bit more expensive vai slightly more expensive; half the price (vai half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
Reklāma

Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

„Divreiz” vārdu pa vārdam

✗ twice bigger

✗ two times bigger

✓ twice as big

Latviski „divreiz lielāks”, „divas reizes lielāks” — skaitlis vienkārši pirms pārākās pakāpes, un tā gribas pateikt arī angliski. Bet aiz twice nāk as … as. „Uz pusi lētāks”, „divreiz lētāks” — half the price.

2

as vietā than

✗ much cheaper as ours

✓ much cheaper than ours

Sarunvalodā saka „daudz lētāks kā mūsējais”, un „kā” pārtulko kā as. Pēc pārākās pakāpes — arī ar much, far, even — vienmēr than; as — tikai as … as.

3

the …, the … bez the vai ar nepareizu secību

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. ✗ The more you become tired… → ✓ The more tired you become… Latviešu „jo…, jo…” ir atsevišķi vārdi, artikulu latviešu valodā nav, un angļu the šķiet lieki. Bez tiem konstrukcijas nav. Un „jo vairāk tu nogursti” tulko pa vārdam, lai gan tired jāliek uzreiz aiz more.

4

Garš īpašības vārds divreiz

✗ more expensive and more expensive, ✗ more and more cold → ✓ more and more expensive, ✓ colder and colder. Latviski piedēkli „-āk-” saņem jebkurš īpašības vārds, cik garš tas arī būtu: „aukstāks”, „dārgāks” (A2 #7). Angliski garam īpašības vārdam atkārto tikai more, bet īsam — formu ar -er.

Izruna

4 min

Uzsvars — uz pastiprinātāju un uz pārāko pakāpi:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Ja gribat uzsvērt, cik liela ir starpība, balss krīt tieši uz much, far, even.

the …, the … uzsvērti abi pārākās pakāpes vārdi. Pirmā daļa beidzas ar balss kāpumu, otrā — ar kritumu:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Vājās formas: as frāzē twice as big as skan /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Uzsvars — uz twice un uz īpašības vārdu.

Nodarbības vārdi: twice /twaɪs/ — beigās nebalsīgais /s/; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — otrā zilbe gandrīz bez patskaņa; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — uzsvars uz cent.

Reklāma

Teksts

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

32 min

1. Ievietojiet

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Rādīt atbildes
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Izveidojiet

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Rādīt atbildes
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Apvienojiet

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Rādīt atbildes
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Pārrakstiet

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Rādīt atbildes
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is twice bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Rādīt atbildes
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Šodien ir mazliet siltāk nekā vakar. 2) Šis telefons ir divreiz lētāks. 3) Kļūst arvien tumšāk. 4) Jo ātrāk, jo labāk. 5) Cenas ir pieaugušas par desmit procentiem. 6) Šī filma nebūt nav tik interesanta kā grāmata.

Rādīt atbildes
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Atbildiet par sevi

pilnos teikumos. Atbildes zemāk ir paraugs. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Rādīt atbildes
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
Reklāma

Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even pirms pārākās pakāpes un very aizliegums; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; reizinājums ar twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; pārmaiņas ar colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; pārmaiņas skaitļos ar by un to. Tālāk — 36. nodarbība: līmeņa kontroldarbs.

Pamata beigas

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Mācība 108

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

15 vārdi
  • twice /twaɪs/ divreiz
  • even /ˈiːvn/ vēl (salīdzinājumā)
  • far /fɑː/ daudz, krietni (salīdzinājumā)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ divreiz lētāk, par pusi lētāk
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ nepārprotami, ar lielu pārsvaru
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ procents
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ pieaugt (par cenām, skaitļiem)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ samazināties
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ palielināties
  • drop /drɒp/ kristies, samazināties
  • rent /rent/ īre; īrēt
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ pārpildīts
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ degvielas uzpildes stacija
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ salīdzinājums
  • matter /ˈmætə/ būt svarīgam, nozīmēt

Rakstīšana

Pieci seši teikumi: salīdziniet divas vietas, kur jūs dzīvojāt vai strādājāt, vai savu dzīvi tagad un pirms dažiem gadiem. Vajag divus pastiprinātājus, vienu reizinājumu, vienu „arvien vairāk” un vienu the …, the ….

Paraugs

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

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