Tatabahasa ~59 min daripada teras tinggal

Menunjukkan perubahan dan membandingkan

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh mengatakan bukan sahaja bahawa sesuatu lebih besar, tetapi juga sejauh mana bezanya, dan menggambarkan perubahan.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 59 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

18 min

Di A2 #7 anda belajar membandingkan: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Di situ juga ada much cheaper — “jauh lebih murah”. Di B1 #28 perkara yang sama muncul pada kata keterangan: more carefully. Sekarang perbandingan menjadi tepat. Anda akan dapat mengatakan sejauh mana sesuatu lebih besar daripada yang lain, berapa kali ganda, bagaimana sesuatu berubah dari masa ke masa dan bagaimana satu perubahan membawa perubahan yang lain.

Sejauh mana: perkataan sebelum bentuk perbandingan.

sejauh mana perkataan contoh
jauh lebih much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
sedikit a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
malah lebih (daripada yang sedia ada) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot dan a bit — bahasa perbualan, far dan slightly — neutral, ia ditulis juga dalam laporan. much sesuai di mana-mana. even bermaksud bahawa yang pertama juga sudah begitu: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — “Tom tinggi, tetapi abangnya malah lebih tinggi”.

very tidak digunakan bersama bentuk perbandingan: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very menguatkan sifat itu sendiri (very cheap), manakala beza antara dua benda diukur dengan much dan far.

Perkataan yang sama digunakan dengan kata keterangan (She drives much more carefully than me) dan dengan more, less sebelum kata nama: far more money, a lot less time. Dengan kata nama boleh dikira dalam bentuk jamak, sebagai ganti much more disebut many more atau far more: There were many more people than last year.

Sejauh mana serupa: perkataan sebelum as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. sama baik, langsung tidak kurang
My flat is nearly as big as yours. hampir sama besar
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. jauh sekali daripada sebaik itu

Berapa kali ganda. Dalam bahasa Melayu “dua kali ganda lebih mahal”, “tiga kali lebih besar”. Dalam bahasa Inggeris bilangan kali diletakkan sebelum as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. dua kali ganda lebih mahal
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. tiga kali lebih panjang
The train takes half as long as the bus. separuh masa
This phone is half the price of that one. separuh harga
They earn twice as much as we do. pendapatan mereka dua kali ganda pendapatan kami

“Dua kali” — twice, bukan ✗ two times; seterusnya three times, four times. “Separuh harga, separuh saiz, separuh masa” paling mudah disebut dengan half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Anda juga akan mendengar three times more expensive than — begitu juga disebut, terutamanya dalam berita. Tetapi three times as expensive as lebih selamat: maknanya difahami tanpa keraguan.

Perubahan: bentuk perbandingan dua kali. “Semakin sejuk”, “semakin mahal” — bentuk perbandingan, and dan bentuk yang sama sekali lagi. Biasanya dengan get atau become:

It's getting colder and colder. Cuaca semakin sejuk.
The days are getting longer and longer. Siang semakin panjang.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Rumah pangsa semakin mahal.
I'm getting better and better at it. Saya semakin pandai melakukannya.
We see each other less and less. Kami semakin jarang berjumpa.

Bagi kata adjektif yang panjang hanya more yang diulang: more and more expensive, bukan ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Satu perkara berubah bersama yang lain: the …, the …. “Semakin banyak…, semakin baik”. Kedua-dua bahagian bermula dengan the dan bentuk perbandingan, manakala subjek dan kata kerja datang selepasnya:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Semakin banyak saya berlatih, semakin baik saya bercakap.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Semakin lama kami menunggu, semakin marah dia.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Semakin tua saya, semakin kurang saya tidur.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Semakin awal kita bertolak, semakin awal kita sampai.

Bentuk perbandingan berpindah ke hadapan bersama perkataannya: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired dan mistakes berada terus selepas more. Rumus pendek tidak memerlukan kata kerja: The sooner, the better. — “Lebih cepat lebih baik”. The bigger, the better. Di antara kedua-dua bahagian diletakkan koma.

Perubahan dalam angka: by. Untuk mengatakan sebanyak mana sesuatu naik atau turun, perlu kata sendi nama by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — “Harga naik sebanyak sepuluh peratus”. The number of visitors fell by half. — “Bilangan pelawat turun separuh”. Paras yang dicapai — to: The price rose to five pounds. — “Harganya naik hingga lima paun”. Kata kerja: naik — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; turun — go down, fall, drop.

Contoh lain:

The second exam was a lot easier. Peperiksaan kedua jauh lebih mudah.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Boleh cakap perlahan sedikit?
It's by far the best café in town. Inilah kafe yang paling baik di bandar ini, tanpa ragu.

by far menguatkan bentuk superlatif: “tanpa ragu, jauh mendahului yang lain”.

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Bentuk perbandingan dibina dengan satu cara sahaja: sama ada -er, atau more (A2 #7), dan much diletakkan sebelum bentuk yang sudah siap.

Uji diri anda. Bagaimana hendak mengatakan “mahal sedikit”? Bagaimana dalam bahasa Inggeris “separuh harga”? Gabungkan I read more dan I understand more menjadi satu ayat dengan the …, the ….

tunjukkan jawapan
a bit more expensive atau slightly more expensive; half the price (atau half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

“Jauh lebih” menjadi much more + -er

✗ much more cheaper, ✗ more bigger → ✓ much cheaper, ✓ bigger. Dalam bahasa Melayu “lebih” berdiri di hadapan setiap kata adjektif, jadi “jauh lebih murah” diterjemahkan perkataan demi perkataan. Tetapi -er sudah pun bermaksud “lebih”.

2

“Dua kali ganda lebih besar”

✗ two times bigger, ✗ two times more expensive → ✓ twice as big, ✓ twice as expensive. Susunan Melayu disalin terus. Dalam bahasa Inggeris untuk “dua kali” — twice, dan bersamanya as … as.

3

“Semakin…, semakin…” tanpa the

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. Bahasa Melayu tiada kata sandang, dan “semakin” sudah lengkap sendiri, jadi the terasa berlebihan. Tanpanya binaan ini tiada. Begitu juga susunannya: ✗ The more you become tired → ✓ The more tired you become.

4

more and more dengan kata adjektif pendek

✗ more and more cold

✓ colder and colder

“Semakin sejuk”, “semakin mahal” — satu perkataan untuk semua kata adjektif. Dalam bahasa Inggeris kata adjektif pendek diulang dengan -er, dan hanya kata adjektif panjang mengambil more.

Sebutan

4 min

Tekanan — pada penguat dan pada bentuk perbandingan:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Jika anda hendak menekankan betapa besarnya beza itu, suara jatuh tepat pada much, far, even.

Dalam the …, the … kedua-dua perkataan perbandingan bertekanan. Bahagian pertama berakhir dengan nada naik, bahagian kedua — dengan nada turun:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Bentuk lemah: as dalam twice as big as berbunyi /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Tekanan — pada twice dan pada kata adjektif.

Perkataan pelajaran ini: twice /twaɪs/ — /s/ tidak bersuara di hujung; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — suku kata kedua hampir tanpa vokal; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — tekanan pada cent.

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Teks

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Membaca kuat

Latihan

32 min

1. Isikan

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Tunjukkan jawapan
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Bentukkan

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Tunjukkan jawapan
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Gabungkan

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Tunjukkan jawapan
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Tulis semula

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Tunjukkan jawapan
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Tunjukkan jawapan
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Hari ini hangat sedikit berbanding semalam. 2) Harga telefon ini separuh sahaja. 3) Hari semakin gelap. 4) Lebih cepat lebih baik. 5) Harga naik sebanyak sepuluh peratus. 6) Filem ini jauh sekali daripada semenarik bukunya.

Tunjukkan jawapan
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Jawab tentang diri anda

dengan ayat lengkap. Jawapan di bawah hanyalah contoh. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Tunjukkan jawapan
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even sebelum bentuk perbandingan dan larangan very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; bilangan kali dengan twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; perubahan dengan colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; perubahan dalam angka dengan by dan to. Seterusnya — pelajaran 36: ujian peringkat ini.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 108

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

15 perkataan
  • twice /twaɪs/ dua kali, dua kali ganda
  • even /ˈiːvn/ malah lebih (dalam perbandingan)
  • far /fɑː/ jauh (lebih, dalam perbandingan)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ separuh harga
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ tanpa ragu, jauh mendahului
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ peratus
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ naik (tentang harga, angka)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ turun
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ meningkat
  • drop /drɒp/ jatuh, menurun
  • rent /rent/ sewa (bayaran)
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ sesak, penuh dengan orang
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ stesen minyak
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ perbandingan
  • matter /ˈmætə/ penting, bermakna

Penulisan

Lima atau enam ayat: bandingkan dua tempat anda pernah tinggal atau bekerja, atau hidup anda sekarang dan beberapa tahun dahulu. Perlu dua penguat, satu bilangan kali, satu “semakin…” dan satu the …, the ….

Contoh

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

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