Gramatika ~59 min jezgre preostalo

Pokazati promjenu i usporediti

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Mogu reći ne samo da je nešto veće, nego i za koliko, i opisati promjenu.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 59 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

18 min

U A2 #7 naučio si uspoređivati: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Ondje je bilo i much cheaper — „mnogo jeftiniji“. U B1 #28 isto se pojavilo kod priloga: more carefully. Sad će usporedba postati precizna. Reći ćeš koliko je nešto veće od drugoga, koliko puta, kako se nešto mijenja s vremenom i kako jedna promjena povlači za sobom drugu.

Koliko: riječ ispred komparativa.

koliko riječi primjer
mnogo much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
malo a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
još (više nego što već jest) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot i a bit su razgovorni, far i slightly neutralni, pišu se i u izvještajima. much odgovara svuda. even znači da je i ono prvo već bilo takvo: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Tom je visok, a brat mu je još viši“.

very se s komparativom ne slaže: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very pojačava samo svojstvo (very cheap), a razliku između dviju stvari mjere much i far.

Iste riječi rade i s prilozima (She drives much more carefully than me) i s more, less ispred imenice: far more money, a lot less time. S brojivim imenicama u množini umjesto much more kaže se many more ili far more: There were many more people than last year.

Koliko slično: riječ ispred as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. nimalo lošiji, potpuno jednak
My flat is nearly as big as yours. gotovo jednako velik
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. ni približno tako dobar

Koliko puta: višestrukost. Hrvatski kaže „dvaput skuplji“, „triput veći“ — broj puta uz komparativ. U engleskom se broj puta stavlja ispred as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. dvaput skuplji
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. triput duži
The train takes half as long as the bus. upola manje vremena
This phone is half the price of that one. upola jeftiniji
They earn twice as much as we do. zarađuju dvaput više

„Dvaput“, „dva puta“ — twice, a ne ✗ two times; dalje three times, four times. „Upola manji, upola jeftiniji, upola kraći“ najlakše je reći s half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Čut ćeš i three times more expensive than — i tako se govori, osobito u vijestima. Ali three times as expensive as je pouzdaniji: razumije se jednoznačno.

Promjena: komparativ dvaput. „Sve hladnije“, „sve skuplje“ — komparativ, and i opet isti komparativ. Obično s get ili become:

It's getting colder and colder. Postaje sve hladnije.
The days are getting longer and longer. Dani su sve duži.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Stanovi su sve skuplji.
I'm getting better and better at it. To mi ide sve bolje.
We see each other less and less. Viđamo se sve rjeđe.

Kod dugih pridjeva ponavlja se samo more: more and more expensive, a ne ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Jedno se mijenja s drugim: the …, the …. „Što više…, to bolje“. Oba dijela počinju s the i komparativom, a subjekt i glagol dolaze iza:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Što više vježbam, to bolje govorim.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Što smo dulje čekali, to se on više ljutio.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Što sam stariji, to manje spavam.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Što prije krenemo, to ćemo prije stići.

Komparativ ide na početak zajedno sa svojom riječi: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired i mistakes stoje odmah iza more. Kratke formule nemaju glagola: The sooner, the better. — „Što prije, to bolje“. The bigger, the better. Između dijelova stavlja se zarez.

Promjena u brojkama: by. Da bi se reklo za koliko je nešto poraslo ili palo, treba prijedlog by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Cijene su porasle za deset posto“. The number of visitors fell by half. — „Broj posjetitelja pao je upola“. Razina do koje se došlo — to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Cijena je porasla na pet funti“. Glagoli: gore — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; dolje — go down, fall, drop.

Još primjera:

The second exam was a lot easier. Drugi je ispit bio mnogo lakši.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Možete li malo sporije?
It's by far the best café in town. To je bez sumnje najbolji kafić u gradu.

by far pojačava superlativ: „bez sumnje, s velikom prednošću“.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Komparativ se tvori na jedan način: ili -er, ili more (A2 #7), a much stoji ispred gotovog oblika.

Provjeri se. Kako reći „malo skuplji“? Kako se na engleskom kaže „upola jeftiniji“? Složi od I read more i I understand more jednu rečenicu s the …, the ….

prikaži odgovore
a bit more expensive ili slightly more expensive; half the price (ili half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

„Dva puta veći“ riječ po riječ

✗ two times bigger

✗ twice bigger

✓ twice as big

Hrvatski stavlja broj puta ravno uz komparativ — „dvaput veći“, „dva puta skuplji“ — i tako se i prevodi. Engleski ima twice i as … as, a za „upola“ — half.

2

the …, the … bez the ili s pogrešnim redom

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. ✗ The more you become tired… → ✓ The more tired you become… Hrvatsko „što…, to…“ nema članova, pa se engleski the čini suvišnim. Ali ovdje je the dio konstrukcije, i bez njega je nema.

3

Dugi pridjev dvaput

✗ more expensive and more expensive, ✗ more and more cold → ✓ more and more expensive, ✓ colder and colder. Hrvatski „sve skuplje i skuplje“ ponavlja cijelu riječ, a u engleskom se kod dugog pridjeva ponavlja samo more, a kod kratkog — oblik na -er.

4

„Za deset posto“ kao for

✗ Prices went up for ten per cent

✓ Prices went up by ten per cent

Hrvatsko „za“ obično se prevodi kao for, ali za razliku u brojkama engleski ima by.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak je na pojačivaču i na komparativu:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Ako želiš naglasiti koliko je razlika velika, glas pada upravo na much, far, even.

U the …, the … naglašene su obje komparativne riječi. Prvi dio završava podizanjem glasa, drugi — spuštanjem:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Slabi oblici: as u twice as big as zvuči /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Naglasak je na twice i na pridjevu.

Riječi lekcije: twice /twaɪs/ — bezvučno /s/ na kraju; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — drugi slog gotovo bez samoglasnika; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — naglasak na cent.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

32 min

1. Umetni

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Prikaži odgovore
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Napravi

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Prikaži odgovore
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Spoji

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Prikaži odgovore
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Prepiši

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Prikaži odgovore
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Prikaži odgovore
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Danas je malo toplije nego jučer. 2) Ovaj je telefon upola jeftiniji. 3) Postaje sve mračnije. 4) Što prije, to bolje. 5) Cijene su porasle za deset posto. 6) Ovaj film nije ni približno tako zanimljiv kao knjiga.

Prikaži odgovore
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Prikaži odgovore
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even ispred komparativa i zabrana very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; višestrukost s twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; promjena s colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; promjena u brojkama s by i to. Slijedi lekcija 36: provjera znanja razine.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 108

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

15 riječi
  • twice /twaɪs/ dvostruko, dvaput
  • even /ˈiːvn/ još (u usporedbi)
  • far /fɑː/ mnogo, znatno (u usporedbi)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ upola jeftiniji, za pola cijene
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ bez sumnje, s velikom prednošću
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ posto, postotak
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ rasti (o cijenama, brojkama)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ padati, smanjivati se
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ povećavati se
  • drop /drɒp/ padati, opadati
  • rent /rent/ najam, stanarina; unajmiti
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ pretrpan, prepun ljudi
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ benzinska postaja
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ usporedba
  • matter /ˈmætə/ biti važan

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica: usporedi dva mjesta gdje si živio ili radio, ili svoj život sada i prije nekoliko godina. Trebaju dva pojačivača, jedna višestrukost, jedno „sve više“ i jedno the …, the ….

Uzorak

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

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