Tata bahasa ~59 menit inti tersisa

Menunjukkan perubahan dan membandingkan

Setelah pelajaran ini Anda dapat

Saya dapat mengatakan bukan hanya bahwa sesuatu lebih besar, tetapi juga seberapa lebih besar, dan menggambarkan perubahan.

Mulai pelajaran Inti 59 menit · langkah: 6 · opsional: +2

Waktu inti yang dinyatakan. Dua blok inti tidak memiliki angka, sehingga pelajaran sebenarnya lebih lama dari jumlah ini.

Tata bahasa

18 menit

Di A2 #7 Anda belajar membandingkan: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Di sana juga ada much cheaper — “jauh lebih murah”. Di B1 #28 hal yang sama muncul pada kata keterangan: more carefully. Sekarang perbandingan menjadi tepat. Anda akan bisa mengatakan seberapa yang satu lebih besar daripada yang lain, berapa kali lipat, bagaimana sesuatu berubah dari waktu ke waktu dan bagaimana satu perubahan membawa perubahan lain.

Seberapa: kata di depan bentuk komparatif.

seberapa kata contoh
jauh (lebih) much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
sedikit (lebih) a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
bahkan lebih (dari yang sudah) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot dan a bit — ragam percakapan, far dan slightly — netral, dipakai juga dalam laporan. much cocok di mana saja. even berarti bahwa yang pertama pun sudah demikian: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — “Tom tinggi, tetapi saudaranya bahkan lebih tinggi”.

very tidak bisa dipakai dengan bentuk komparatif: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very menguatkan sifat itu sendiri (very cheap), sedangkan selisih antara dua hal diukur dengan much dan far.

Kata-kata yang sama berlaku untuk kata keterangan (She drives much more carefully than me) dan untuk more, less di depan kata benda: far more money, a lot less time. Dengan kata benda yang dapat dihitung dalam bentuk jamak, sebagai ganti much more dipakai many more atau far more: There were many more people than last year.

Seberapa mirip: kata di depan as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. sama sekali tidak kalah, persis sama bagusnya
My flat is nearly as big as yours. hampir sama besarnya
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. sama sekali tidak sebagus itu, jauh kalah

Berapa kali lipat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia — “dua kali lebih mahal”, “tiga kali lebih besar”. Dalam bahasa Inggris jumlah kali diletakkan di depan as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. dua kali lebih mahal
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. tiga kali lebih panjang
The train takes half as long as the bus. waktunya setengah dari bus
This phone is half the price of that one. harganya setengah
They earn twice as much as we do. penghasilan mereka dua kali lipat

“Dua kali” — twice, bukan ✗ two times; selanjutnya three times, four times. “Setengahnya”, “separuh harga”, “dua kali lebih murah, lebih pendek” paling mudah diungkapkan dengan half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Anda juga akan mendengar three times more expensive than — orang juga berkata begitu, terutama dalam berita. Tetapi three times as expensive as lebih aman: artinya dipahami dengan pasti.

Perubahan: bentuk komparatif dua kali. “Semakin dingin”, “makin lama makin mahal” — bentuk komparatif, and dan bentuk yang sama sekali lagi. Biasanya dengan get atau become:

It's getting colder and colder. Udara semakin dingin.
The days are getting longer and longer. Siang hari semakin panjang.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Apartemen semakin mahal.
I'm getting better and better at it. Saya semakin mahir.
We see each other less and less. Kami semakin jarang bertemu.

Pada kata sifat panjang yang diulang hanya more: more and more expensive, bukan ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Yang satu berubah bersama yang lain: the …, the …. “Semakin banyak…, semakin baik”. Kedua bagian dimulai dengan the dan bentuk komparatif, sedangkan subjek dan kata kerja datang sesudahnya:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Semakin banyak saya berlatih, semakin baik saya berbicara.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Semakin lama kami menunggu, semakin marah dia.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Semakin tua saya, semakin sedikit saya tidur.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Semakin cepat kita berangkat, semakin cepat kita sampai.

Bentuk komparatif pindah ke depan bersama katanya: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired dan mistakes berdiri langsung sesudah more. Rumus pendek tidak memerlukan kata kerja: The sooner, the better. — “Lebih cepat lebih baik”. The bigger, the better. Di antara kedua bagian ada koma.

Perubahan dalam angka: by. Untuk mengatakan berapa banyak sesuatu naik atau turun, perlu kata depan by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — “Harga naik sepuluh persen”. The number of visitors fell by half. — “Jumlah pengunjung turun setengahnya”. Tingkat yang dicapai — to: The price rose to five pounds. — “Harganya naik menjadi lima pound”. Kata kerjanya: ke atas — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; ke bawah — go down, fall, drop.

Contoh lain:

The second exam was a lot easier. Ujian kedua jauh lebih mudah.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Bisa bicara sedikit lebih pelan?
It's by far the best café in town. Ini jelas kafe terbaik di kota, tanpa ragu.

by far menguatkan bentuk superlatif: “jelas sekali, jauh mengungguli yang lain”.

Jangan katakan begini. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Bentuk komparatif dibuat dengan satu cara saja: -er atau more (A2 #7), dan much berdiri di depan bentuk yang sudah jadi.

Uji diri Anda. Bagaimana mengatakan “sedikit lebih mahal”? Bagaimana dalam bahasa Inggris “dua kali lebih murah”? Gabungkan I read more dan I understand more menjadi satu kalimat dengan the …, the ….

tampilkan jawaban
a bit more expensive atau slightly more expensive; half the price (atau half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
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Kesalahan penutur bahasa Indonesia

ditulis untuk bahasa Anda
1

more ditambah -er

✗ This bag is more cheaper → ✓ This bag is cheaper; ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Dalam bahasa Indonesia “lebih” berdiri di depan setiap kata sifat — “lebih murah”, “lebih baik”, — jadi “lebih” diterjemahkan menjadi more, padahal -er sudah ada.

2

“Dua kali lebih besar”

✗ two times bigger → ✓ twice as big; “dua kali lebih murah” → ✓ half the price. Susunan Indonesia diterjemahkan kata demi kata. Dalam bahasa Inggris untuk dua — hanya twice as … as, dan “dua kali lebih murah” dikatakan dengan half.

3

“Semakin…, semakin…” tanpa the

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. “Semakin” sudah lengkap sendiri, jadi the terasa seperti artikel yang tidak perlu. Tanpa the konstruksi ini tidak ada. Urutannya juga lain: “semakin kamu lelah” → ✓ The more tired you become, bukan ✗ The more you become tired.

4

more dengan kata sifat pendek

✗ more and more cold

✓ colder and colder

“Semakin dingin”, “semakin mahal” — dalam bahasa Indonesia satu kata untuk semua kata sifat. Dalam bahasa Inggris kata sifat pendek diulang dengan -er, dan hanya kata sifat panjang memakai more: more and more expensive.

Pelafalan

4 menit

Tekanan — pada kata penguat dan pada bentuk komparatif:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Jika Anda ingin menegaskan betapa besar selisihnya, suara justru jatuh pada much, far, even.

Dalam the …, the … kedua kata perbandingan bertekanan. Bagian pertama berakhir dengan nada naik, bagian kedua — dengan nada turun:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Bentuk lemah: as dalam twice as big as terdengar /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Tekanan — pada twice dan pada kata sifat.

Kata-kata pelajaran ini: twice /twaɪs/ — /s/ tak bersuara di akhir; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — suku kedua hampir tanpa vokal; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — tekanan pada cent.

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Teks

5 menit

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Membaca nyaring

Latihan

32 menit

1. Isilah dengan

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Tampilkan jawaban
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Bentuklah

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Tampilkan jawaban
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Gabungkan

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Tampilkan jawaban
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Tulis ulang

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Tampilkan jawaban
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Mencari kesalahan dan memperbaikinya.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Tampilkan jawaban
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.

1) Hari ini sedikit lebih hangat daripada kemarin. 2) Ponsel ini dua kali lebih murah. 3) Hari semakin gelap. 4) Lebih cepat lebih baik. 5) Harga-harga naik sepuluh persen. 6) Film ini sama sekali tidak semenarik bukunya.

Tampilkan jawaban
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Jawablah dengan kalimat lengkap

— tentang diri Anda. Jawaban di bawah — contoh. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Tampilkan jawaban
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
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Ringkasan

Sudah dibahas: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even di depan bentuk komparatif dan larangan very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; kelipatan dengan twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; perubahan dengan colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; perubahan dalam angka dengan by dan to. Berikutnya — pelajaran 36: tes akhir tingkat B1.

Akhir inti

Pelajaran dianggap selesai setelah latihan dikerjakan. Semua setelah ini bersifat opsional.

Pelajaran 108

opsional

Kosakata untuk dek kartu

15 kata
  • twice /twaɪs/ dua kali lipat, dua kali
  • even /ˈiːvn/ bahkan (dalam perbandingan)
  • far /fɑː/ jauh (dalam perbandingan)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ setengah harga
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ jelas sekali, jauh mengungguli
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ persen
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ naik (tentang harga, angka)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ turun
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ bertambah, meningkat
  • drop /drɒp/ turun, merosot
  • rent /rent/ uang sewa
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ penuh sesak
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ pom bensin
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ perbandingan
  • matter /ˈmætə/ penting, berarti

Menulis

Lima-enam kalimat: bandingkan dua tempat tempat Anda pernah tinggal atau bekerja, atau hidup Anda sekarang dan beberapa tahun yang lalu. Perlu dua kata penguat, satu kelipatan, satu “semakin…” dan satu the …, the ….

Contoh

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

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