Gramatika ~59 min ng core ang natitira

Ipakita ang pagbabago at maghambing

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong sabihin hindi lang kung ano ang mas malaki, kundi pati kung gaano kalaki ang agwat, at ilarawan ang isang pagbabago.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 59 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

18 min

Sa A2 #7, natutuhan ninyong maghambing: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Naroon din ang much cheaper — “di-hamak na mas mura”. Sa B1 #28, lumabas din ito sa mga pang-abay: more carefully. Ngayon, magiging eksakto ang paghahambing. Masasabi ninyo kung gaano kalaki ang agwat ng isa sa isa, ilang beses itong mas malaki, kung paano nagbabago ang isang bagay sa paglipas ng panahon at kung paano hinihila ng isang pagbabago ang isa pa.

Gaano kalaki ang agwat: salita bago ang anyong pahambing.

gaano mga salita halimbawa
malaki ang agwat much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
kaunti ang agwat a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
lalo pa (higit pa sa dati na) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

Pang-usap ang a lot at a bit, neutral ang far at slightly — isinusulat din ang mga ito sa mga ulat. Puwede ang much kahit saan. Ang ibig sabihin ng even ay ganoon na rin ang una: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — “Matangkad si Tom, pero mas matangkad pa ang kapatid niya”.

Hindi puwede ang very kasama ng anyong pahambing: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. Pinatitindi ng very ang katangian mismo (very cheap), pero ang agwat ng dalawang bagay ay sinusukat ng much at far.

Gumagana rin ang mga salitang ito sa mga pang-abay (She drives much more carefully than me) at sa more, less bago ang pangngalan: far more money, a lot less time. Sa mga mabibilang na nasa maramihan, sa halip na much more, sinasabi ang many more o far more: There were many more people than last year.

Gaano kahawig: salita bago ang as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. hindi mas pangit, kaparehong-kapareho
My flat is nearly as big as yours. halos kasinlaki
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. malayong hindi kasingganda

Ilang beses: pagpaparami. Sa Tagalog, “dalawang beses na mas mahal”, “tatlong beses na mas malaki”, “doble ang presyo”. Sa Ingles, inilalagay ang bilang ng beses bago ang as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. doble ang mahal
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. tatlong beses na mas mahaba
The train takes half as long as the bus. kalahati ng oras
This phone is half the price of that one. kalahati ng presyo
They earn twice as much as we do. doble ang kinikita nila

Ang “dalawang beses” ay twice, hindi ✗ two times; kasunod nito ang three times, four times. Ang “kalahati ang presyo, laki, haba” ay pinakamadaling sabihin gamit ang half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Maririnig din ninyo ang three times more expensive than — ginagamit din ito, lalo na sa balita. Pero mas maaasahan ang three times as expensive as: iisa lang ang pagkaunawa rito.

Pagbabago: dalawang beses ang anyong pahambing. “Palamig nang palamig”, “pamahal nang pamahal” — anyong pahambing, and, at ang parehong anyo ulit. Karaniwang kasama ng get o become:

It's getting colder and colder. Palamig nang palamig.
The days are getting longer and longer. Pahaba nang pahaba ang mga araw.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Pamahal nang pamahal ang mga apartment.
I'm getting better and better at it. Pagaling ako nang pagaling dito.
We see each other less and less. Padalang nang padalang ang pagkikita namin.

Sa mahahabang pang-uri, ang more lang ang inuulit: more and more expensive, hindi ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Sabay na nagbabago ang dalawa: the …, the …. “Habang mas…, mas…”. Nagsisimula ang dalawang bahagi sa the at sa anyong pahambing, at kasunod nito ang simuno at ang pandiwa:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Habang mas nagsasanay ako, mas gumagaling akong magsalita.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Habang tumatagal ang paghihintay namin, lalo siyang nagagalit.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Habang tumatanda ako, paikli nang paikli ang tulog ko.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Kapag mas maaga tayong umalis, mas maaga tayong darating.

Napupunta sa unahan ang anyong pahambing kasama ang salita nito: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — nasa likod agad ng more ang tired at ang mistakes. Walang pandiwa ang maiikling pormula: The sooner, the better. — “Mas maaga, mas mabuti”. The bigger, the better. May kuwit sa pagitan ng dalawang bahagi.

Pagbabago sa mga numero: by. Para sabihin kung gaano tumaas o bumaba ang isang bagay, kailangan ang pang-ukol na by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — “Tumaas nang sampung porsiyento ang mga presyo”. The number of visitors fell by half. — “Nabawasan nang kalahati ang bilang ng mga bisita”. Ang antas na naabot — to: The price rose to five pounds. — “Umabot sa limang libra ang presyo”. Mga pandiwa: pataas — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; pababa — go down, fall, drop.

Iba pang halimbawa:

The second exam was a lot easier. Di-hamak na mas madali ang ikalawang eksamen.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Puwede bang mas mabagal nang kaunti?
It's by far the best café in town. Ito talaga ang pinakamagaling na café sa bayan, walang duda.

Pinatitindi ng by far ang pasukdol: “walang duda, malayo ang agwat sa iba”.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Iisang paraan lang ang pagbuo ng anyong pahambing: alinman sa -er, o more (A2 #7), at nasa unahan ng buong anyo ang much.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano sasabihin ang “mas mahal nang kaunti”? Paano sa Ingles ang “mas mura nang kalahati”? Pagsamahin ang I read more at I understand more sa iisang pangungusap na may the …, the ….

ipakita ang mga sagot
a bit more expensive o slightly more expensive; half the price (o half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

more kasama ng -er

✗ more cheaper, ✗ much more better → ✓ cheaper, ✓ much better. Laging may “mas” ang paghahambing sa Tagalog — “mas mura”, “mas magaling” — kaya idinadagdag ang more kahit may -er na ang salita. Sa Ingles, alinman sa dalawa lang, hindi sabay.

2

“Dalawang beses na mas…”

✗ two times bigger, ✗ two times cheaper → ✓ twice as big, ✓ half the price. Isinasalin nang salita-sa-salita ang “dalawang beses na mas malaki”. Sa Ingles, twice as … as ang sinasabi, at para sa “mas mura nang kalahati” — half.

3

the …, the … na walang the

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. ✗ The more you become tired… → ✓ The more tired you become… Walang katumbas ang the sa “habang mas…, mas…”, kaya nawawala ito. Pero kung wala ang dalawang the, walang konstruksiyon; at kasama ng more sa unahan ang pang-uri.

4

more and more sa maikling pang-uri, buong salita sa mahaba

✗ more and more cold, ✗ more expensive and more expensive → ✓ colder and colder, ✓ more and more expensive. Dahil sa “mas”, more ang inilalagay kahit sa maikling pang-uri; at dahil inuulit ng Tagalog ang buong salita — “pamahal nang pamahal” — inuulit din ang buong more expensive.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Nasa salitang nagpapatindi at sa anyong pahambing ang diin:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Kung gusto ninyong idiin kung gaano kalaki ang agwat, sa much, far, even mismo bumabagsak ang boses.

Sa the …, the …, may diin ang dalawang salitang pahambing. Nagtatapos ang unang bahagi sa pagtaas ng boses, ang ikalawa — sa pagbaba:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Mahihinang anyo: ang as sa twice as big as ay /əz/, ang than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Nasa twice at sa pang-uri ang diin.

Mga salita ng aralin: twice /twaɪs/ — walang tinig na /s/ sa dulo; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — halos walang patinig ang ikalawang pantig; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — nasa cent ang diin.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

32 min

1. Ilagay

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Ipakita ang mga sagot
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Bumuo

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Ipakita ang mga sagot
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Pagsamahin

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Isulat muli

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Mas mainit nang kaunti ngayon kaysa kahapon. 2) Mas mura nang kalahati ang teleponong ito. 3) Padilim nang padilim. 4) Mas maaga, mas mabuti. 5) Tumaas nang sampung porsiyento ang mga presyo. 6) Hindi man lang kasing-interesante ng libro ang pelikulang ito.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong sarili. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Ipakita ang mga sagot
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even bago ang anyong pahambing at ang pagbabawal sa very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; pagpaparami gamit ang twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; pagbabago gamit ang colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; pagbabago sa mga numero gamit ang by at to. Susunod — aralin 36: pagsusulit ng antas.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 108

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

15 salita
  • twice /twaɪs/ dalawang beses; doble (sa paghahambing)
  • even /ˈiːvn/ lalo pa, mas … pa (sa paghahambing)
  • far /fɑː/ di-hamak na (sa paghahambing)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ kalahati ng presyo
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ walang duda, malayo ang agwat
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ porsiyento
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ tumaas (presyo, bilang)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ bumaba
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ dumami, lumaki, tumaas
  • drop /drɒp/ bumagsak, bumaba
  • rent /rent/ upa
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ siksikan, puno ng tao
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ gasolinahan
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ paghahambing
  • matter /ˈmætə/ maging mahalaga

Pagsulat

Lima o anim na pangungusap: paghambingin ang dalawang lugar kung saan kayo tumira o nagtrabaho, o ang buhay ninyo ngayon at ilang taon na ang nakararaan. Kailangan ang dalawang salitang nagpapatindi, isang pagpaparami, isang “palaki nang palaki” at isang the …, the ….

Halimbawa

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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