Gramatika liko ~59 min pagrindinės dalies

Parodyti pokyčius ir palyginti

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu pasakyti ne tik kas didesnis, bet ir kiek, ir apibūdinti pokytį.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 59 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

18 min

A2 #7 pamokoje išmokote lyginti: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Ten pat buvo much cheaper — „daug pigesnis“. B1 #28 pamokoje tas pats atsirado prie prieveiksmių: more carefully. Dabar palyginimas taps tikslus. Galėsite pasakyti, kiek vienas didesnis už kitą, kiek kartų, kaip kas nors keičiasi laikui bėgant ir kaip vienas pokytis sukelia kitą.

Kiek: žodis prieš aukštesnįjį laipsnį.

kiek žodžiai pavyzdys
daug, gerokai much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
truputį a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
dar (daugiau, nei ir taip) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot ir a bit — šnekamieji, far ir slightly — neutralūs, jie rašomi ir ataskaitose. much tinka visur. even reiškia, kad ir pirmasis jau buvo toks: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Tomas aukštas, o jo brolis dar aukštesnis“.

very su aukštesniuoju laipsniu nesiderina: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very stiprina pačią ypatybę (very cheap), o skirtumą tarp dviejų dalykų matuoja much ir far.

Tie patys žodžiai tinka prieveiksmiams (She drives much more carefully than me) ir žodžiams more, less prieš daiktavardį: far more money, a lot less time. Su skaičiuojamaisiais daiktavardžiais daugiskaitoje vietoj much more sakoma many more arba far more: There were many more people than last year.

Kiek panašu: žodis prieš as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. nė kiek ne prastesnis, lygiai toks pat
My flat is nearly as big as yours. beveik toks pat didelis
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. toli gražu ne toks geras

Kiek kartų: kartotinumas. Lietuviškai „du kartus brangesnis“, „tris kartus didesnis“. Angliškai kartų skaičius dedamas prieš as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. dvigubai brangesnis
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. tris kartus ilgesnis
The train takes half as long as the bus. užtrunka perpus trumpiau
This phone is half the price of that one. perpus pigesnis
They earn twice as much as we do. uždirba dvigubai daugiau

„Du kartus“ — twice, ne ✗ two times; toliau three times, four times. „Perpus mažesnis, pigesnis, trumpesnis“ patogiausia pasakyti per half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Išgirsite ir three times more expensive than — taip irgi sakoma, ypač žiniose. Bet three times as expensive as patikimiau: jį supranta vienareikšmiškai.

Pokytis: aukštesnysis laipsnis du kartus. „Vis šalčiau“, „vis brangiau“ — aukštesnysis laipsnis, and ir jis pats dar kartą. Paprastai su get arba become:

It's getting colder and colder. Darosi vis šalčiau.
The days are getting longer and longer. Dienos vis ilgėja.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Butai vis brangsta.
I'm getting better and better at it. Man sekasi vis geriau.
We see each other less and less. Matomės vis rečiau.

Ilgiems būdvardžiams kartojamas tik more: more and more expensive, o ne ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Vienas keičiasi kartu su kitu: the …, the …. „Kuo daugiau…, tuo geriau“. Abi dalys prasideda the ir aukštesniuoju laipsniu, o veiksnys ir tarinys eina po jų:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Kuo daugiau praktikuojuosi, tuo geriau kalbu.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Kuo ilgiau laukėme, tuo labiau jis pyko.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Kuo vyresnis darausi, tuo mažiau miegu.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Kuo anksčiau išvyksime, tuo anksčiau atvyksime.

Aukštesnysis laipsnis keliauja į pradžią kartu su savo žodžiu: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired ir mistakes stovi iškart po more. Trumpos formulės apsieina be veiksmažodžio: The sooner, the better. — „Kuo anksčiau, tuo geriau“. The bigger, the better. Tarp dalių dedamas kablelis.

Pokytis skaičiais: by. Norint pasakyti, kiek kas nors padidėjo ar sumažėjo, reikia prielinksnio by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Kainos pakilo dešimčia procentų“. The number of visitors fell by half. — „Lankytojų skaičius sumažėjo perpus“. Lygis, iki kurio prieita, — to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Kaina pakilo iki penkių svarų“. Veiksmažodžiai: aukštyn — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; žemyn — go down, fall, drop.

Daugiau pavyzdžių:

The second exam was a lot easier. Antrasis egzaminas buvo daug lengvesnis.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Ar galėtumėte kalbėti truputį lėčiau?
It's by far the best café in town. Tai neabejotinai geriausia kavinė mieste.

by far sustiprina aukščiausiąjį laipsnį: „neabejotinai, su dideliu atotrūkiu“.

Taip nesakoma. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Aukštesnysis laipsnis sudaromas vienu būdu: arba -er, arba more (A2 #7), o much stovi prieš jau paruoštą formą.

Pasitikrinkite. Kaip pasakyti „truputį brangesnis“? Kaip angliškai „perpus pigesnis“? Iš I read more ir I understand more sudėkite vieną sakinį su the …, the ….

rodyti atsakymus
a bit more expensive arba slightly more expensive; half the price (arba half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
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Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

„Du kartus“ pažodžiui

✗ two times bigger

✗ twice bigger

✓ twice as big

Lietuviškai „du kartus didesnis“, „dvigubai didesnis“ — skaičius tiesiog prieš aukštesnįjį laipsnį, ir taip norisi pasakyti ir angliškai. Bet „du kartus“ yra twice, o po jo eina as … as. „Perpus pigesnis“ — half the price.

2

the …, the … be the arba su netinkama tvarka

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. ✗ The more you become tired… → ✓ The more tired you become… Lietuviški „kuo…, tuo…“ — atskiri žodžiai, o artikelių lietuvių kalboje nėra, todėl angliški the atrodo nereikalingi. Be jų konstrukcijos nėra. O „kuo labiau pavargsti“ verčiama pažodžiui — the more you become tired, nors tired turi stoti iškart po more.

3

Ilgas būdvardis du kartus

✗ more expensive and more expensive, ✗ more and more cold → ✓ more and more expensive, ✓ colder and colder. Lietuviškai kiekvienas būdvardis laipsniuojamas priesaga, koks ilgas bebūtų: „šaltesnis“, „brangesnis“ (A2 #7). Angliškai ilgam būdvardžiui kartojamas tik more, o trumpam — forma su -er.

Tarimas

4 min

Kirtis — stiprinamajam žodžiui ir aukštesniajam laipsniui:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Jei norite pabrėžti, koks didelis skirtumas, balsas krenta būtent ant much, far, even.

Junginyje the …, the … kirčiuoti abu aukštesniojo laipsnio žodžiai. Pirmoji dalis baigiasi balso pakilimu, antroji — nusileidimu:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Silpnosios formos: as junginyje twice as big as skamba /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Kirtis — žodžiui twice ir būdvardžiui.

Pamokos žodžiai: twice /twaɪs/ — duslusis /s/ gale; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — antrasis skiemuo beveik be balsio; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — kirtis tenka cent.

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Tekstas

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

32 min

1. Įrašykite

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Rodyti atsakymus
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Sudarykite

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Rodyti atsakymus
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Sujunkite

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Rodyti atsakymus
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Perrašykite

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Rodyti atsakymus
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is twice bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Rodyti atsakymus
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Šiandien truputį šilčiau nei vakar. 2) Šis telefonas perpus pigesnis. 3) Darosi vis tamsiau. 4) Kuo anksčiau, tuo geriau. 5) Kainos pakilo dešimčia procentų. 6) Šis filmas toli gražu ne toks įdomus kaip knyga.

Rodyti atsakymus
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Atsakykite apie save

pilnais sakiniais. Atsakymai žemiau — pavyzdys. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Rodyti atsakymus
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
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Santrauka

Išmokta: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even prieš aukštesnįjį laipsnį ir very draudimas; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; kartotinumas per twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; pokytis per colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; pokytis skaičiais su by ir to. Toliau — 36 pamoka: lygio kontrolinis darbas.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 108

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

15 žodžių
  • twice /twaɪs/ du kartus, dvigubai
  • even /ˈiːvn/ dar (lyginant)
  • far /fɑː/ daug, kur kas (lyginant)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ perpus pigiau
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ neabejotinai, su dideliu atotrūkiu
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ procentas
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ kilti (apie kainas, skaičius)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ mažėti
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ didėti
  • drop /drɒp/ kristi, mažėti
  • rent /rent/ nuomos mokestis
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ perpildytas
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ degalinė
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ palyginimas
  • matter /ˈmætə/ turėti reikšmės

Rašymas

Penki šeši sakiniai: palyginkite dvi vietas, kur gyvenote ar dirbote, arba savo gyvenimą dabar ir prieš keletą metų. Reikia dviejų stiprinamųjų žodžių, vieno kartotinumo, vieno „vis labiau“ ir vieno the …, the ….

Pavyzdys

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

Kontrolinis sąrašas

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