Gramatika ~59 min z jadra zostáva

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Začať lekciu Jadro 59 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

18 min

Na A2 #7 si sa naučil porovnávať: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Tam bolo aj much cheaper — „oveľa lacnejší“. Na B1 #28 sa to isté objavilo pri príslovkách: more carefully. Teraz bude porovnanie presné. Povieš, o koľko je jedno väčšie ako druhé, koľkokrát, ako sa niečo mení v čase a ako jedna zmena ťahá za sebou druhú.

O koľko: slovo pred druhým stupňom.

o koľko slová príklad
oveľa much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
trochu a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
ešte (viac, než už aj tak je) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot a a bit sú hovorové, far a slightly neutrálne, píšu sa aj v správach. much sa hodí všade. even znamená, že už to prvé také bolo: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Tom je vysoký, ale jeho brat je ešte vyšší.“

very sa s druhým stupňom nespája: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very zosilňuje vlastnosť samu osebe (very cheap), kým rozdiel medzi dvoma vecami merajú much a far.

Tie isté slová fungujú s príslovkami (She drives much more carefully than me) a s more, less pred podstatným menom: far more money, a lot less time. S počítateľnými v množnom čísle sa namiesto much more hovorí many more alebo far more: There were many more people than last year.

Nakoľko podobné: slovo pred as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. o nič horší, presne taký istý
My flat is nearly as big as yours. takmer rovnako veľký
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. zďaleka nie taký dobrý

Koľkokrát: násobky. Po slovensky „dvakrát drahší“, „trikrát väčší“. V angličtine sa počet „-krát“ dáva pred as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. dvakrát drahší
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. trikrát dlhší
The train takes half as long as the bus. trvá o polovicu kratšie
This phone is half the price of that one. za polovičnú cenu, o polovicu lacnejší
They earn twice as much as we do. zarábajú dvakrát viac

„Dvakrát“ je twice, nie ✗ two times; ďalej three times, four times. „O polovicu menší, lacnejší, kratší“ sa najpohodlnejšie povie cez half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Počuješ aj three times more expensive than — aj tak sa hovorí, najmä v správach. Ale three times as expensive as je spoľahlivejšie: rozumie sa mu jednoznačne.

Zmena: druhý stupeň dvakrát. „Čoraz chladnejšie“, „stále drahšie“ — druhý stupeň, and a ten istý tvar ešte raz. Zvyčajne s get alebo become:

It's getting colder and colder. Je čoraz chladnejšie.
The days are getting longer and longer. Dni sú čoraz dlhšie.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Byty sú čoraz drahšie.
I'm getting better and better at it. Ide mi to čoraz lepšie.
We see each other less and less. Vídame sa čoraz menej.

Pri dlhých prídavných menách sa opakuje len more: more and more expensive, nie ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Jedno sa mení spolu s druhým: the …, the …. „Čím viac…, tým lepšie“. Obe časti sa začínajú the a druhým stupňom, podmet a sloveso idú až za ním:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Čím viac cvičím, tým lepšie hovorím.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Čím dlhšie sme čakali, tým viac sa hneval.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Čím som starší, tým menej spím.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Čím skôr vyrazíme, tým skôr tam budeme.

Druhý stupeň ide na začiatok aj so svojím slovom: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired a mistakes stoja hneď za more. Krátke formulky sa zaobídu bez slovesa: The sooner, the better. — „Čím skôr, tým lepšie.“ The bigger, the better. Medzi časti sa dáva čiarka.

Zmena v číslach: by. Keď chceš povedať, o koľko niečo stúplo alebo kleslo, potrebuješ predložku by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Ceny stúpli o desať percent.“ The number of visitors fell by half. — „Počet návštevníkov klesol o polovicu.“ Úroveň, na ktorú sa došlo, je to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Cena stúpla na päť libier.“ Slovesá: nahor — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; nadol — go down, fall, drop.

Ďalšie príklady:

The second exam was a lot easier. Druhá skúška bola oveľa ľahšia.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Mohli by ste hovoriť trochu pomalšie?
It's by far the best café in town. Je to jednoznačne najlepšia kaviareň v meste.

by far zosilňuje tretí stupeň: „jednoznačne, s veľkým náskokom“.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Druhý stupeň sa tvorí jedným spôsobom: buď -er, alebo more (A2 #7), a much stojí pred hotovým tvarom.

Otestuj sa. Ako povedať „o trochu drahší“? Ako po anglicky „o polovicu lacnejší“? Spoj I read more a I understand more do jednej vety s the …, the ….

zobraziť odpovede
a bit more expensive alebo slightly more expensive; half the price (alebo half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

very s druhým stupňom

✗ very cheaper

✓ much cheaper

Po slovensky sa „veľmi lacnejší“ tiež nehovorí, ale pri preklade „oveľa“, „omnoho“ ruka siahne po najznámejšom zosilňovači — very. Pred druhým stupňom je „oveľa“ much, far alebo a lot.

2

„Dvakrát väčší“

✗ twice bigger, ✗ two times bigger → ✓ twice as big, ✓ half the price. Slovenská väzba „dvakrát + druhý stupeň“ sa prenesie slovo za slovom. Po anglicky však za twice nasleduje as … as a „o polovicu lacnejší“ je half the price.

3

the …, the … bez the alebo so zlým slovosledom

✗ More I practise, better I speak → ✓ The more I practise, the better I speak. ✗ The more you become tired… → ✓ The more tired you become… Slovenské „čím…, tým…“ sú dve samostatné slová a anglické the sa zdajú ako zbytočné členy. Bez nich však väzba neexistuje. A ako v „čím viac si unavený“ sa more odtrhne od svojho prídavného mena, ktoré musí stáť hneď za ním.

4

Dlhé prídavné meno dvakrát

✗ more expensive and more expensive, ✗ more and more cold → ✓ more and more expensive, ✓ colder and colder. Hovorové „drahší a drahší“ zvádza zopakovať celý tvar, a „čoraz“ sa zasa prekladá ako hotová formulka more and more ku každému slovu. Pri dlhom prídavnom mene sa však opakuje len more, pri krátkom tvar na -er.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Prízvuk je na zosilňovači a na druhom stupni:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Keď chceš zdôrazniť, aký veľký je rozdiel, hlas padne práve na much, far, even.

V the …, the … sú prízvučné obe slová v druhom stupni. Prvá časť končí stúpaním hlasu, druhá klesaním:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Slabé tvary: as v twice as big as znie /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Prízvuk je na twice a na prídavnom mene.

Slová lekcie: twice /twaɪs/ — na konci neznelé /s/; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — druhá slabika takmer bez samohlásky; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — prízvuk na cent.

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Text

5 min

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

32 min

1. Doplň

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Zobraziť odpovede
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Utvor

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Zobraziť odpovede
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Spoj

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Zobraziť odpovede
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Prepíš

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Zobraziť odpovede
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is twice bigger than the old one.
  3. More you read, more you learn.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Zobraziť odpovede
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Dnes je o trochu teplejšie ako včera. 2) Tento telefón je o polovicu lacnejší. 3) Je čoraz väčšia tma. 4) Čím skôr, tým lepšie. 5) Ceny stúpli o desať percent. 6) Tento film nie je zďaleka taký zaujímavý ako kniha.

Zobraziť odpovede
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Odpovedz celými vetami

— o sebe. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Zobraziť odpovede
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even pred druhým stupňom a zákaz very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; násobky cez twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; zmenu cez colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; zmenu v číslach s by a to. Ďalej — lekcia 36: kontrolný test úrovne.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 108

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

15 slov
  • twice /twaɪs/ dvakrát, dvojnásobne
  • even /ˈiːvn/ ešte (pri porovnaní)
  • far /fɑː/ oveľa (pri porovnaní)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ za polovičnú cenu, o polovicu lacnejší
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ jednoznačne, s veľkým náskokom
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ percento
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ stúpať (o cenách, číslach)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ klesať
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ zvyšovať sa, rásť
  • drop /drɒp/ klesať, padať
  • rent /rent/ nájomné
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ preplnený
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ benzínová pumpa, čerpacia stanica
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ porovnanie
  • matter /ˈmætə/ záležať, mať význam

Písanie

Päť-šesť viet: porovnaj dve miesta, kde si býval alebo pracoval, alebo svoj život teraz a pred niekoľkými rokmi. Treba dva zosilňovače, jeden násobok, jedno „čoraz viac“ a jedno the …, the ….

Vzor

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

Kontrolný zoznam

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