Málfræði ~59 mín af kjarna eftir

Að lýsa breytingum og bera saman

Eftir þessa kennslustund geturðu

Ég get sagt ekki aðeins að eitthvað sé meira, heldur líka hve miklu, og lýst breytingu.

Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 59 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

18 mín.

Í A2 #7 lærðirðu að bera saman: cheaper than, more expensive than, as … as. Þar var líka much cheaper — „miklu ódýrari“. Í B1 #28 kom það sama fram hjá atviksorðum: more carefully. Nú verður samanburðurinn nákvæmur. Þú getur sagt hve miklu eitt er meira en annað, hve mörgum sinnum, hvernig eitthvað breytist með tímanum og hvernig ein breyting dregur aðra á eftir sér.

Hve miklu: orð á undan miðstiginu.

hve miklu orð dæmi
miklu much, far, a lot This flat is much bigger. The train is far more comfortable.
aðeins a bit, a little, slightly It's a bit colder today. Prices are slightly higher.
enn (meira en fyrir var) even It was cold yesterday, but today it's even colder.

a lot og a bit eru talmál, far og slightly eru hlutlaus og þau eru líka notuð í skýrslum. much á alls staðar við. even merkir að það fyrra var þegar þannig: Tom is tall, but his brother is even taller. — „Tom er hávaxinn, en bróðir hans er enn hávaxnari.“

very fer ekki með miðstigi: ✗ very cheaper → ✓ much cheaper. very styrkir eiginleikann sjálfan (very cheap), en muninn á tveimur hlutum mæla much og far.

Sömu orð virka með atviksorðum (She drives much more carefully than me) og með more, less á undan nafnorði: far more money, a lot less time. Með teljanlegum nafnorðum í fleirtölu er sagt many more eða far more í stað much more: There were many more people than last year.

Hve líkt: orð á undan as … as.

The new phone is just as good as the old one. alveg jafngóður, ekkert síðri
My flat is nearly as big as yours. næstum jafnstór
The film isn't nearly as good as the book. hvergi nærri eins góð

Hve mörgum sinnum. Á íslensku er sagt „tvöfalt dýrari“, „þrisvar sinnum stærri“. Á ensku er fjöldinn settur á undan as … as:

Her flat is twice as expensive as mine. tvöfalt dýrari
The new bridge is three times as long as the old one. þrisvar sinnum lengri
The train takes half as long as the bus. tekur helmingi styttri tíma
This phone is half the price of that one. helmingi ódýrari
They earn twice as much as we do. þéna tvöfalt meira

„Tvisvar“ er twice, ekki ✗ two times; síðan three times, four times. „Helmingi minni, ódýrari, styttri“ er þægilegast að segja með half: half the price, half the size, half as long. Þú heyrir líka three times more expensive than — svona er líka sagt, einkum í fréttum. En three times as expensive as er öruggara: það skilst bara á einn veg.

Breyting: miðstigið tvisvar. „Sífellt kaldara“, „sífellt dýrara“ — miðstig, and og sama miðstigið aftur. Yfirleitt með get eða become:

It's getting colder and colder. Það verður sífellt kaldara.
The days are getting longer and longer. Dagarnir lengjast sífellt.
Flats are getting more and more expensive. Íbúðir verða sífellt dýrari.
I'm getting better and better at it. Mér gengur sífellt betur.
We see each other less and less. Við hittumst sífellt sjaldnar.

Með löngum lýsingarorðum er aðeins more endurtekið: more and more expensive, ekki ✗ more expensive and more expensive.

Eitt breytist með öðru: the …, the …. „Því meira…, því betra“. Báðir hlutar hefjast á the og miðstigi, og frumlag og sögn koma á eftir:

The more I practise, the better I speak. Því meira sem ég æfi mig, því betur tala ég.
The longer we waited, the angrier he got. Því lengur sem við biðum, því reiðari varð hann.
The older I get, the less I sleep. Því eldri sem ég verð, því minna sef ég.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. Því fyrr sem við leggjum af stað, því fyrr komum við.

Miðstigið fer fremst ásamt orðinu sínu: The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make — tired og mistakes standa strax á eftir more. Stuttar formúlur eru án sagnar: The sooner, the better. — „Því fyrr, því betra.“ The bigger, the better. Á milli hlutanna er komma.

Breyting í tölum: by. Til að segja hve mikið eitthvað hækkaði eða lækkaði þarf forsetninguna by: Prices have gone up by ten per cent. — „Verð hefur hækkað um tíu prósent.“ The number of visitors fell by half. — „Gestum fækkaði um helming.“ Stigið sem náð var — to: The price rose to five pounds. — „Verðið hækkaði í fimm pund.“ Sagnir: upp — go up, rise (B1 #13), increase; niður — go down, fall, drop.

Fleiri dæmi:

The second exam was a lot easier. Seinna prófið var miklu léttara.
Could you speak a little more slowly? Gætirðu talað aðeins hægar?
It's by far the best café in town. Þetta er langbesta kaffihúsið í bænum, enginn vafi.

by far styrkir efsta stig: „tvímælalaust, með miklum yfirburðum“.

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ much more better → ✓ much better. Miðstig er myndað á einn hátt: annaðhvort -er eða more (A2 #7), og much stendur á undan tilbúnu myndinni.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. Hvernig segirðu „aðeins dýrari“? Hvernig segirðu á ensku „helmingi ódýrari“? Búðu til eina setningu með the …, the … úr I read more og I understand more.

sýna svörin
a bit more expensive eða slightly more expensive; half the price (eða half as expensive); The more I read, the more I understand.
Auglýsing

Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

„Tvisvar sinnum“ orð fyrir orð

✗ two times bigger

✓ twice as big

„Tvisvar sinnum stærri“ fer beint yfir í ensku. En „tvisvar“ er twice, og samanburðurinn er myndaður með as … as.

2

Sögnin á undan frumlaginu í seinni hlutanum

✗ The more I practise, the better speak I

✓ The more I practise, the better I speak

„Því meira sem ég æfi mig, því betur tala ég“: í íslensku kemur sögnin strax á eftir miðstiginu. Í the …, the … stendur frumlagið á undan sögninni í báðum hlutum.

3

Langt lýsingarorð tvisvar

✗ more expensive and more expensive

✓ more and more expensive

Íslenskan endurtekur allt orðið: „dýrari og dýrari“. Á ensku er aðeins more endurtekið hjá löngu lýsingarorði, en hjá stuttu myndin á -er: colder and colder.

Framburður

4 mín.

Áherslan er á styrkingarorðinu og á miðstiginu:

It's much cheaper. It's even colder.

Ef þú vilt leggja áherslu á hve mikill munurinn er fellur röddin einmitt á much, far, even.

Í the …, the … eru bæði miðstigsorðin áhersluorð. Fyrri hlutinn endar á rísandi tóni, sá seinni á fallandi:

The more I practise ↗, the better I speak ↘.

Veikar myndir: as í twice as big as hljómar /əz/, than — /ðən/: twice as big as mine /ˈtwaɪs əz ˈbɪɡ əz ˈmaɪn/. Áherslan er á twice og á lýsingarorðinu.

Orð lexíunnar: twice /twaɪs/ — óraddað /s/ í lokin; slightly /ˈslaɪtli/; even /ˈiːvn/ — seinna atkvæðið nánast án sérhljóðs; per cent /pə ˈsent/ — áherslan á cent.

Auglýsing

Texti

5 mín.

Two years ago we moved from the centre of Bristol to a village about twenty miles away. Was it the right decision? Here's an honest comparison.

Our new house is much bigger than our old flat — almost twice as big — and the rent is slightly lower. The garden is the best thing: the children play outside far more often than before, and they're much healthier.

The journey to work is the worst thing. It used to take me fifteen minutes; now it takes nearly an hour, four times as long. The trains are getting more and more crowded, and tickets are getting more and more expensive: this year the price went up by eight per cent.

Shopping is a bit more difficult, too. The village shop is nearly as expensive as a petrol station, so we drive to the supermarket once a week.

But life here is far quieter, and that matters to us more and more. Our friends in the city say the village is too far from everything. Maybe. But the longer we live here, the more we like it. And the older I get, the less I want to live with noise.

Upplesin

Æfingar

32 mín.

1. Settu inn

  1. The train is faster than the bus — about two hours faster
  2. It's colder today than yesterday, but not much
  3. Yesterday was hot, but today is hotter
  4. This bag costs £40, and that one costs £80. That one is as expensive
  5. It isn't as good as the first film — it's much worse
  6. In the sale, everything is the price — we paid £20 instead of £40
  7. Prices have gone up five per cent
Sýna svörin
much; a bit; even; twice; nearly; half; by

2. Myndaðu

  1. It's getting (cold)
  2. Life in the city is becoming (expensive)
  3. The days are getting (long)
  4. I'm getting (good) at it
  5. It's getting (difficult) to find a flat
Sýna svörin
colder and colder; more and more expensive; longer and longer; better and better; more and more difficult

3. Sameinaðu tvær setningar í eina

  1. You practise more. You speak better.
  2. I get older. I sleep less.
  3. He waited longer. He got angrier.
  4. You start soon. You'll finish soon.
  5. The flat is big. The rent is high.
  6. I read more. I understand more.
Sýna svörin
The more you practise, the better you speak; The older I get, the less I sleep; The longer he waited, the angrier he got; The sooner you start, the sooner you'll finish; The bigger the flat, the higher the rent / The bigger the flat is, the higher the rent is; The more I read, the more I understand

4. Umorðaðu

  1. My flat costs £600 a month. Hers costs £1,200. (Her flat …)
  2. The old bridge is 100 metres long. The new one is 300 metres long. (The new bridge …)
  3. The train takes one hour. The bus takes two hours. (The bus …)
  4. This jacket was £100. Now it's £50. (Now the jacket …)
  5. Tom earns £3,000 a month. I earn £1,000. (Tom …)
Sýna svörin
Her flat is twice as expensive as mine / Her flat costs twice as much as mine; The new bridge is three times as long as the old one / The new bridge is three times longer than the old one; The bus takes twice as long as the train; Now the jacket is half the price / Now the jacket costs half as much; Tom earns three times as much as me / Tom earns three times as much as I do

5. Villuleit.

  1. This flat is very cheaper than ours.
  2. The new house is two times bigger than the old one.
  3. The more you read, the more learn you.
  4. It's getting more and more cold.
  5. The tickets are much more cheaper online.
  6. The more you become tired, the more mistakes you make.
Sýna svörin
This flat is much cheaper than ours / This flat is far cheaper than ours / This flat is a lot cheaper than ours; The new house is twice as big as the old one; The more you read, the more you learn; It's getting colder and colder; The tickets are much cheaper online; The more tired you become, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you get, the more mistakes you make / The more tired you are, the more mistakes you make

6. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Það er aðeins hlýrra í dag en í gær. 2) Þessi sími er helmingi ódýrari. 3) Það verður sífellt dimmara. 4) Því fyrr, því betra. 5) Verð hefur hækkað um tíu prósent. 6) Þessi kvikmynd er hvergi nærri eins áhugaverð og bókin.

Sýna svörin
It's a bit warmer today than yesterday / It's slightly warmer today than yesterday / It's a little warmer today than yesterday; This phone is half the price / This phone costs half as much / This phone is half as expensive; It's getting darker and darker; The sooner, the better / The earlier, the better; Prices have gone up by ten per cent / Prices have risen by ten per cent / Prices went up by ten per cent / Prices rose by ten per cent; This film isn't nearly as interesting as the book / The film isn't nearly as interesting as the book

7. Svaraðu í heilum setningum

— um þig. Svörin hér fyrir neðan eru fyrirmynd. 1) How is your town different from when you were a child? 2) Finish the sentence: The more I…, the…

Sýna svörin
My town is much bigger now, and the traffic is far worse, but the parks are a lot nicer; The more I travel, the more I want to see
Auglýsing

Samantekt

Farið yfir: much, far, a lot, a bit, slightly, even á undan miðstigi og bannið við very; just as, nearly as, not nearly as; margföldun með twice as … as, three times as … as, half the price; breyting með colder and colder, more and more; the …, the …; breyting í tölum með by og to. Næst — lexía 36: próf stigsins.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 108

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

15 orð
  • twice /twaɪs/ tvöfalt, tvisvar
  • even /ˈiːvn/ enn (í samanburði)
  • far /fɑː/ miklu (í samanburði)
  • half the price /ˌhɑːf ðə ˈpraɪs/ helmingi ódýrari, á hálfvirði
  • by far /baɪ ˈfɑː/ tvímælalaust, með miklum yfirburðum
  • per cent /pə ˈsent/ prósent
  • go up /ˌɡəʊ ˈʌp/ hækka (um verð, tölur)
  • go down /ˌɡəʊ ˈdaʊn/ lækka
  • increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ aukast, hækka
  • drop /drɒp/ falla, lækka
  • rent /rent/ leiga; leigja
  • crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ troðfullur
  • petrol station /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ bensínstöð
  • comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/ samanburður
  • matter /ˈmætə/ skipta máli

Ritun

Fimm til sex setningar: berðu saman tvo staði þar sem þú hefur búið eða unnið, eða líf þitt núna og fyrir nokkrum árum. Notaðu tvö styrkingarorð, eina margföldun, eitt „sífellt meira“ og eitt the …, the ….

Fyrirmynd

My new office is much smaller than the old one, but it's far closer to my home. The journey takes half as long, so I have a lot more free time. The rent in this area is getting higher and higher, though. My colleagues are slightly younger, and the atmosphere is even friendlier. The longer I work here, the happier I feel.

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