Gramatika ~57 min od osnove preostalo

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Mogu da razumem i upotrebljavam frazne glagole, a da ih ne rastavljam na delove.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 57 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

16 min

Na A2 #22 naučio si šta je frazni glagol: glagol i uz njega mala reč (on, up, off, out…), a zajedno znače nešto novo — turn on „uključiti“, hang up „spustiti slušalicu“. Tamo je bilo i glavno pravilo reda reči: zamenica ide u sredinu — Turn it on. Sada ćemo videti kako se ponašaju različiti frazni glagoli, zašto pravilo „u sredinu“ ne važi za sve i zašto bez njih razgovorni engleski zvuči kao službeni dopis.

Tip 1. Razdvojivi: objekat može da stoji u sredini ili posle.

Turn on the light. = Turn the light on. imenica — bilo gde
Turn it on. zamenica — samo u sredini
Fill in the form that I sent you yesterday. dug objekat — posle

Ovamo spadaju turn on / turn off, put on (obući), take off (skinuti), pick up (podići, pokupiti), fill in (popuniti), throw away (baciti), give back (vratiti), look up (potražiti u rečniku ili na internetu), put off (odložiti), turn down (odbiti; utišati).

Tip 2. Nerazdvojivi: objekat uvek posle, čak i zamenica.

Who's going to look after the children? ✗ look the children after
Who's going to look after them? ✗ look them after
I ran into an old friend yesterday. slučajno sam sreo
She's dealing with the problem. rešava problem

Ovamo spadaju i look for (tražiti), get on / get off (ući u autobus, izaći), look into (ispitati, istražiti), come across (naići na). Pravilo „zamenica u sredinu“ na njih se ne odnosi: ovde se mala reč ponaša kao predlog i stoji ispred objekta.

Tip 3. Bez objekta: posle glagola ne treba ništa.

The car broke down. pokvario se
I grew up in a small town. odrastao sam
He turned up an hour late. pojavio se, došao
We set off at six. krenuli smo na put
Students don't earn much, but they get by. snalaze se, spajaju kraj s krajem

Tip 4. Od tri dela: glagol i dve male reči, uvek zajedno i uvek ispred objekta.

I'm looking forward to the holidays. jedva čekam
I can't put up with the noise. trpeti, podnositi
We've run out of milk. nestalo nam je, potrošili smo
I get on with my colleagues. slagati se, biti u dobrim odnosima
She came up with a great idea. smislila je

look forward to + -ing. Ovde je to predlog, kao u be used to (B1 #33), pa posle njega dolazi oblik na -ing ili imenica: I'm looking forward to seeing you. — „Jedva čekam da se vidimo“. Ne ✗ to see you. U pismima je to ustaljen završetak: I look forward to hearing from you.

Kako prepoznati tip. Po značenju se ne može pogoditi — tip je naveden u rečniku. Obično je zapisan ovako: turn something on (mesto za objekat u sredini — glagol je razdvojiv), look after somebody (objekat posle — nerazdvojiv), break down (bez objekta). Uči frazni glagol odmah sa tom šemom, a ne golog.

Jedan glagol — više značenja i različiti tipovi. To je normalno, i tip se često menja zajedno sa značenjem:

Take off your shoes. — Take them off. skinuti (tip 1)
The plane took off at ten. poleteo je (tip 3)
I'll pick you up at seven. doći ću po tebe (tip 1)
Could you turn the music up? pojačati (tip 1)
Nobody turned up. niko nije došao (tip 3)

Razgovorni glagol i njegov knjiški par. Mnogi frazni glagoli imaju sinonim od jedne reči. On zvuči zvaničnije — tako se piše u dokumentima i vestima. U razgovoru će Englez skoro uvek izabrati frazni glagol:

u razgovoru u službenom tekstu značenje
find out discover saznati
put off postpone odložiti
turn down refuse, reject odbiti
go on continue nastaviti
come back return vratiti se
look into investigate ispitati, istražiti

Reći u kafiću We have postponed the party gramatički je tačno, ali zvuči kao obaveštenje. We've put off the party — tako govore prijatelji.

Još primera:

Can you look up his number? Možeš li da potražiš njegov broj (na internetu)?
I threw the old newspapers away. Bacio sam stare novine.
The meeting has been put off until Friday. Sastanak je odložen za petak.
How did you find out? Kako si saznao?

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I'm looking for it forward — delovi fraznog glagola od tri dela se ne razdvajaju: ✓ I'm looking forward to it.

Proveri se. Zameni the TV zamenicom: Switch off the TV. A sada the dog u Can you look after the dog? Kako reći „Jedva čekam naš susret“?

prikaži odgovore
Switch it off; Can you look after it? — glagol je nerazdvojiv, zamenica stoji posle; I'm looking forward to seeing you ili I'm looking forward to our meeting.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Zamenica posle razdvojivog glagola

✗ Turn on it, ✗ I'll pick up you at seven → ✓ Turn it on, ✓ I'll pick you up at seven. U srpskom zamenica dolazi posle glagola — „uključi ga“, „pokupiću te“ — i ruka je stavlja na kraj. To je najupornija greška teme, još od A2 #22.

2

Zamenica u sredini nerazdvojivog

✗ Who will look the children after?

✗ look them after

✓ look after them

Ovo je druga strana prve greške: kad se nauči „zamenica u sredinu“, pravilo se prenese na sve frazne glagole redom.

3

look forward to + osnovni oblik

✗ I'm looking forward to see you

✓ I'm looking forward to seeing you

Srpsko „jedva čekam da te vidim“ ima „da“ + glagol, a to se po navici prevodi sa to + glagol. Ali ovde je to predlog, kao u be used to, i posle njega dolazi -ing.

4

Izostavljen poslednji deo

✗ I can't put up the noise → ✓ I can't put up with the noise; ✗ We've run out milk → ✓ We've run out of milk. „Ne podnosim buku“ i „nestalo nam je mleka“ prolaze bez predloga, pa se treći deo čini suvišnim. Ali bez njega glagol znači nešto drugo: put up — „okačiti“, „podići“.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak pada na malu reč, a ne na glagol:

Turn it off. I grew up in Leeds. He turned up late. The car broke down.

U glagolima od tri dela naglasak je na prvoj od dve male reči: u put up with — na up, u run out of — na out, u get on with — na on. U look forward to — na for: /lʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/.

Po tome se frazni glagol razlikuje od glagola sa predlogom: u I looked at the picture naglasak je na glagolu looked, a at je nenaglašeno. A u Look out! — „Pazi!“ — naglasak je na out, jer je to frazni glagol.

Povezan izgovor. Suglasnik na kraju glagola stapa se sa samoglasnikom male reči ili zamenice: turn it on zvuči /tɜːnɪˈtɒn/, pick it up — /pɪkɪˈtʌp/, fill it in — /fɪlɪˈtɪn/. Ne pravi pauze između delova: frazni glagol se izgovara kao jedna reč.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Last Monday our washing machine broke down in the middle of a wash. There was water everywhere, so I turned the machine off at the wall and looked up a repair service online. I filled in a form on their website, and they promised to send someone on Wednesday.

On Wednesday I waited all morning, but nobody turned up. I rang them, and a very polite woman said she would look into it. In the end the engineer came on Thursday. He found out what was wrong in five minutes, dealt with it in half an hour, and I paid him on the spot.

The washing machine isn't our only problem. We get on well with most of our neighbours, but I can't put up with the music from the flat above any longer. They turn it up every night at eleven. Last week I ran into the owner on the stairs and asked him to turn it down. He said he would, but nothing has changed.

So we've decided to move. Our contract runs out in September, and we've already found a little house near the park. I'm really looking forward to moving out — and to buying a new washing machine.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

32 min

1. Zameni

  1. Turn off the TV.
  2. Can you pick up the children at four?
  3. I'll look after your cat.
  4. Please fill in this form.
  5. I ran into Mark yesterday.
  6. Don't throw away those letters.
  7. She's dealing with the problem.
Prikaži odgovore
Turn it off; Can you pick them up at four?; I'll look after it; Please fill it in; I ran into him yesterday; Don't throw them away; She's dealing with it

2. Upiši

  1. The car broke on the motorway
  2. We've run milk. Can you buy some?
  3. I'm looking forward seeing you
  4. I can't put up his jokes any longer
  5. He turned an hour late, as usual
  6. Could you turn the music ? It's too loud
  7. I grew in a small town near Bristol
  8. Who's going to look the dog while we're away?
Prikaži odgovore
down; out of; to; with; up; down; up; after

3. Povezivanje.

  1. put off
  2. turn down
  3. find out
  4. come up with
  5. get on with
  6. run into
Prikaži odgovore
`put off` — odložiti; `turn down` — odbiti; `find out` — saznati; `come up with` — smisliti; `get on with` — slagati se sa; `run into` — slučajno sresti

4. Prepiši razgovornije:

  1. We've postponed the meeting until Friday. (put off)
  2. She refused the job offer. (turn down)
  3. Please continue. (go on)
  4. I discovered the truth last week. (find out)
  5. When will you return? (come back)
  6. The police are investigating the accident. (look into)
Prikaži odgovore
We've put off the meeting until Friday / We've put the meeting off until Friday; She turned down the job offer / She turned the job offer down; Please go on; I found out the truth last week; When will you come back?; The police are looking into the accident

5. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. Can you turn on it?
  2. I'm looking forward to see you.
  3. Who will look the children after?
  4. I can't put up the noise any more.
  5. We've run out milk.
  6. I'll pick up you at the station.
Prikaži odgovore
Can you turn it on?; I'm looking forward to seeing you; Who will look after the children?; I can't put up with the noise any more; We've run out of milk; I'll pick you up at the station

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Doći ću po tebe u sedam. 2) Odlično se slažemo sa komšijama. 3) Nestalo nam je hleba. 4) Jedva čekam godišnji odmor. 5) Odbila je ponudu.

Prikaži odgovore
I'll pick you up at seven; We get on very well with our neighbours / We get on really well with our neighbours / We get on well with our neighbours; We've run out of bread; I'm really looking forward to my holiday / I'm really looking forward to the holiday / I'm looking forward to my holiday; She turned down the offer / She turned the offer down
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno

  • četiri tipa fraznih glagola i red reči u svakom
  • zamenica u sredini razdvojivog i posle nerazdvojivog
  • look forward to + -ing
  • tip po rečničkoj šemi
  • više značenja jednog glagola
  • razgovorni glagol naspram knjiškog sinonima

Sledi lekcija 35: pokazati promenu i uporediti.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 107

opciono

Reči za špil

16 reči
  • break down /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ pokvariti se
  • turn up /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ pojaviti se, doći
  • fill in /ˌfɪl ˈɪn/ popuniti (formular)
  • look up /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ potražiti (u rečniku, na internetu)
  • deal with /ˈdiːl wɪð/ rešiti, pozabaviti se
  • look into /ˌlʊk ˈɪntuː/ ispitati, istražiti
  • find out /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ saznati
  • put off /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ odložiti
  • turn down /ˌtɜːn ˈdaʊn/ odbiti; utišati
  • run into /ˌrʌn ˈɪntuː/ slučajno sresti
  • put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ trpeti, podnositi
  • get on with /ˌɡet ˈɒn wɪð/ slagati se sa
  • come up with /ˌkʌm ˈʌp wɪð/ smisliti
  • look forward to /ˌlʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/ jedva čekati, radovati se
  • run out /ˌrʌn ˈaʊt/ nestati, isteći
  • on the spot /ˌɒn ðə ˈspɒt/ na licu mesta, odmah

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o nekom problemu u kući i o tome kako si ga rešio. Bar pet fraznih glagola, među njima jedan nerazdvojivi sa zamenicom i jedan od tri dela.

Primer

Last month my laptop broke down. I looked up a repair shop and took it there. They said they would look into it, but nobody rang me for a week. In the end I went back and found out that they had lost my form. I filled it in again, and they dealt with the problem the next day. I can't put up with bad service, but they apologised, so I'm not angry.

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