Gramàtica ~57 min del nucli restant

Parlar com en una conversa

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé entendre i fer servir phrasal verbs sense desmuntar-los peça a peça.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 57 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

16 min

A l'A2 #22 vas aprendre què és un phrasal verb: un verb més una paraula petita (on, up, off, out…), i junts volen dir una cosa nova: turn on, «encendre»; hang up, «penjar el telèfon». Allà mateix hi havia la regla principal de l'ordre de les paraules: el pronom va al mig, Turn it on. Ara veurem com es comporten els diferents phrasal verbs, per què la regla «al mig» no val per a tots i per què, sense ells, l'anglès de la conversa sona a carta oficial.

Tipus 1. Separables: el complement pot anar al mig o darrere.

Turn on the light. = Turn the light on. nom: on vulguis
Turn it on. pronom: només al mig
Fill in the form that I sent you yesterday. complement llarg: darrere

Aquí hi entren turn on / turn off, put on (posar-se roba), take off (treure's), pick up (collir de terra, recollir), fill in (omplir), throw away (llençar), give back (tornar), look up (buscar al diccionari o a internet), put off (ajornar), turn down (rebutjar; abaixar el volum).

Tipus 2. No separables: el complement va sempre darrere, fins i tot el pronom.

Who's going to look after the children? ✗ look the children after
Who's going to look after them? ✗ look them after
I ran into an old friend yesterday. em vaig trobar per casualitat
She's dealing with the problem. s'està ocupant del problema

Aquí també hi entren look for (buscar), get on / get off (pujar a l'autobús, baixar), look into (estudiar un assumpte, esbrinar) i come across (topar amb). La regla «el pronom al mig» no s'hi aplica: aquí la paraula petita es comporta com una preposició i va davant del complement.

Tipus 3. Sense complement: darrere del verb no cal res.

The car broke down. es va espatllar
I grew up in a small town. vaig créixer
He turned up an hour late. es va presentar, va arribar
We set off at six. vam sortir, ens vam posar en camí
Students don't earn much, but they get by. se'n surten, arriben a final de mes

Tipus 4. De tres parts: el verb i dues paraules petites, sempre juntes i sempre davant del complement.

I'm looking forward to the holidays. tinc moltes ganes que arribin
I can't put up with the noise. suportar, aguantar
We've run out of milk. se'ns ha acabat
I get on with my colleagues. portar-se bé, tenir bona relació
She came up with a great idea. se li va acudir

look forward to + -ing. Aquí to és una preposició, com a be used to (B1 #33), i per això darrere va la forma en -ing o un nom: I'm looking forward to seeing you. — «Tinc moltes ganes de veure't». No ✗ to see you. A les cartes és un tancament fix: I look forward to hearing from you.

Com saber el tipus. Pel significat no es pot endevinar: el tipus l'indica el diccionari. Normalment hi surt així: turn something on (hi ha lloc per al complement al mig: el verb és separable), look after somebody (el complement va darrere: no separable), break down (sense complement). Aprèn cada phrasal verb amb aquest esquema des del principi, no sol.

Un verb, diversos significats i tipus diferents. És normal, i sovint el tipus canvia amb el significat:

Take off your shoes. — Take them off. treure's (tipus 1)
The plane took off at ten. es va enlairar (tipus 3)
I'll pick you up at seven. passaré a recollir-te (tipus 1)
Could you turn the music up? apujar el volum (tipus 1)
Nobody turned up. no va venir ningú (tipus 3)

El verb de la conversa i la seva parella culta. Molts phrasal verbs tenen un sinònim d'una sola paraula. Sona més oficial: així s'escriu als documents i a les notícies. En una conversa, un anglès gairebé sempre triarà el phrasal verb:

en una conversa en un text oficial significat
find out discover assabentar-se, esbrinar
put off postpone ajornar
turn down refuse, reject rebutjar
go on continue continuar, seguir
come back return tornar
look into investigate estudiar, esbrinar

Dir en un bar We have postponed the party és gramaticalment correcte, però sona a anunci oficial. We've put off the party: així parlen els amics.

Més exemples:

Can you look up his number? Busca el seu número (a internet).
I threw the old newspapers away. Vaig llençar els diaris vells.
The meeting has been put off until Friday. Han ajornat la reunió fins divendres.
How did you find out? Com te'n vas assabentar?

Així no es diu. ✗ I'm looking for it forward: les parts d'un verb de tres parts no se separen: ✓ I'm looking forward to it.

Posa't a prova. Substitueix the TV per un pronom: Switch off the TV. I ara the dog a Can you look after the dog? Com es diu «Tinc moltes ganes que ens vegem»?

mostra les respostes
Switch it off; Can you look after it?: el verb no és separable, el pronom va darrere; I'm looking forward to seeing you o I'm looking forward to our meeting.
Anunci

Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

El pronom al final del verb separable

«Apaga-la», «passaré a recollir-te» → ✗ Turn off it, ✗ I'll pick up you at seven → ✓ Turn it off, ✓ I'll pick you up at seven. En català el pronom s'enganxa al final del verb, i la mà el posa darrere de tot el phrasal verb. En anglès va entre les dues parts. És l'error més persistent del tema, des de l'A2 #22.

2

«Busco les claus» sense for

✗ I'm looking my keys

✓ I'm looking for my keys

«Buscar» porta el complement directament; look sol vol dir «mirar», i sense for la frase no s'entén.

3

look forward to + infinitiu

«Tinc ganes de veure't» → ✗ I'm looking forward to see you → ✓ I'm looking forward to seeing you. El to sembla el de l'infinitiu, però és una preposició, i darrere va -ing.

4

«No suporto el soroll» i «se'ns ha acabat»

✗ I can't support the noise → ✓ I can't put up with the noise: support vol dir «donar suport», no «aguantar». I sense l'última part el verb canvia: ✗ I can't put up the noise, ✗ We've run out milk → ✓ put up with, ✓ run out of.

5

El verb culte en una conversa

postpone, continue, discover, investigate s'assemblen a «posposar», «continuar», «descobrir», «investigar» i surten sols. No és un error, però en una xerrada sona a document: entre amics, put off, go on, find out, look into.

Pronunciació

4 min

L'accent cau a la paraula petita, no al verb:

Turn it off. I grew up in Leeds. He turned up late. The car broke down.

En els de tres parts, l'accent va a la primera de les dues paraules petites: a put up with, a up; a run out of, a out; a get on with, a on. A look forward to, a for: /lʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/.

Això distingeix el phrasal verb d'un verb amb preposició: a I looked at the picture l'accent va al verb amb significat, looked, i at és àtona. En canvi, a Look out! — «Compte!» — l'accent va a out, perquè és un phrasal verb.

Enllaç. La consonant final del verb s'uneix a la vocal de la partícula o del pronom: turn it on sona /tɜːnɪˈtɒn/; pick it up, /pɪkɪˈtʌp/; fill it in, /fɪlɪˈtɪn/. No facis pauses entre les parts: el phrasal verb es pronuncia com una sola paraula.

Anunci

Text

5 min

Last Monday our washing machine broke down in the middle of a wash. There was water everywhere, so I turned the machine off at the wall and looked up a repair service online. I filled in a form on their website, and they promised to send someone on Wednesday.

On Wednesday I waited all morning, but nobody turned up. I rang them, and a very polite woman said she would look into it. In the end the engineer came on Thursday. He found out what was wrong in five minutes, dealt with it in half an hour, and I paid him on the spot.

The washing machine isn't our only problem. We get on well with most of our neighbours, but I can't put up with the music from the flat above any longer. They turn it up every night at eleven. Last week I ran into the owner on the stairs and asked him to turn it down. He said he would, but nothing has changed.

So we've decided to move. Our contract runs out in September, and we've already found a little house near the park. I'm really looking forward to moving out — and to buying a new washing machine.

Exercicis

32 min

1. Substituir

  1. Turn off the TV.
  2. Can you pick up the children at four?
  3. I'll look after your cat.
  4. Please fill in this form.
  5. I ran into Mark yesterday.
  6. Don't throw away those letters.
  7. She's dealing with the problem.
Mostra les respostes
Turn it off; Can you pick them up at four?; I'll look after it; Please fill it in; I ran into him yesterday; Don't throw them away; She's dealing with it

2. Posar

  1. The car broke on the motorway
  2. We've run milk. Can you buy some?
  3. I'm looking forward seeing you
  4. I can't put up his jokes any longer
  5. He turned an hour late, as usual
  6. Could you turn the music ? It's too loud
  7. I grew in a small town near Bristol
  8. Who's going to look the dog while we're away?
Mostra les respostes
down; out of; to; with; up; down; up; after

3. Relacionar.

  1. put off
  2. turn down
  3. find out
  4. come up with
  5. get on with
  6. run into
Mostra les respostes
`put off` — ajornar; `turn down` — rebutjar; `find out` — assabentar-se; `come up with` — idear; `get on with` — portar-se bé amb; `run into` — trobar-se per casualitat

4. Reescriure en un to més col·loquial:

  1. We've postponed the meeting until Friday. (put off)
  2. She refused the job offer. (turn down)
  3. Please continue. (go on)
  4. I discovered the truth last week. (find out)
  5. When will you return? (come back)
  6. The police are investigating the accident. (look into)
Mostra les respostes
We've put off the meeting until Friday / We've put the meeting off until Friday; She turned down the job offer / She turned the job offer down; Please go on; I found out the truth last week; When will you come back?; The police are looking into the accident

5. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. Can you turn on it?
  2. I'm looking forward to see you.
  3. Who will look the children after?
  4. I can't put up the noise any more.
  5. We've run out milk.
  6. I'll pick up you at the station.
Mostra les respostes
Can you turn it on?; I'm looking forward to seeing you; Who will look after the children?; I can't put up with the noise any more; We've run out of milk; I'll pick you up at the station

6. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) Passaré a recollir-te a les set. 2) Ens portem molt bé amb els veïns. 3) Se'ns ha acabat el pa. 4) Tinc moltíssimes ganes que arribin les vacances. 5) Ella va rebutjar l'oferta.

Mostra les respostes
I'll pick you up at seven; We get on very well with our neighbours / We get on really well with our neighbours / We get on well with our neighbours; We've run out of bread; I'm really looking forward to my holiday / I'm really looking forward to the holiday / I'm looking forward to my holiday; She turned down the offer / She turned the offer down
Anunci

Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: els quatre tipus de phrasal verbs i l'ordre de les paraules en cadascun; el pronom al mig del verb separable i darrere del no separable; look forward to + -ing; el tipus segons l'esquema del diccionari; diversos significats d'un mateix verb; el verb de la conversa davant del seu sinònim culte. A continuació, la lliçó 35: mostrar l'evolució i comparar.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 107

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

16 paraules
  • break down /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ espatllar-se
  • turn up /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ presentar-se, aparèixer
  • fill in /ˌfɪl ˈɪn/ omplir (un formulari)
  • look up /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ buscar (al diccionari, a internet)
  • deal with /ˈdiːl wɪð/ ocupar-se de, resoldre
  • look into /ˌlʊk ˈɪntuː/ estudiar (un assumpte), esbrinar
  • find out /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ assabentar-se, esbrinar
  • put off /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ ajornar
  • turn down /ˌtɜːn ˈdaʊn/ rebutjar; abaixar (el volum)
  • run into /ˌrʌn ˈɪntuː/ trobar-se per casualitat amb
  • put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ suportar, aguantar
  • get on with /ˌɡet ˈɒn wɪð/ portar-se bé amb
  • come up with /ˌkʌm ˈʌp wɪð/ idear, acudir-se
  • look forward to /ˌlʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/ tenir moltes ganes de
  • run out /ˌrʌn ˈaʊt/ acabar-se, vèncer (un termini)
  • on the spot /ˌɒn ðə ˈspɒt/ allà mateix, a l'acte

Escriptura

Sis frases sobre un problema domèstic i com el vas resoldre. Almenys cinc phrasal verbs, entre ells un de no separable amb pronom i un de tres parts.

Model

Last month my laptop broke down. I looked up a repair shop and took it there. They said they would look into it, but nobody rang me for a week. In the end I went back and found out that they had lost my form. I filled it in again, and they dealt with the problem the next day. I can't put up with bad service, but they apologised, so I'm not angry.

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