Govoriti kot v pogovoru
Znam razumeti in uporabljati frazne glagole, ne da bi jih razstavljal na dele.
Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.
Slovnica
16 minNa A2 #22 si spoznal, kaj je frazni glagol: glagol in majhna beseda (on, up, off, out…), ki skupaj pomenita nekaj novega — turn on „prižgati“, hang up „odložiti slušalko“. Tam je bilo tudi glavno pravilo besednega reda: zaimek gre v sredino — Turn it on. Zdaj pa: kako se obnašajo različni frazni glagoli, zakaj pravilo „v sredino“ ne velja za vse in zakaj brez njih pogovorna angleščina zveni kot uradni dopis.
Tip 1. Ločljivi: predmet lahko stoji v sredini ali za glagolom.
| Turn on the light. = Turn the light on. | samostalnik — kjerkoli |
| Turn it on. | zaimek — samo v sredini |
| Fill in the form that I sent you yesterday. | dolg predmet — na koncu |
Sem spadajo turn on / turn off, put on (obleči, obuti), take off (sleči, sezuti), pick up (pobrati, priti iskat), fill in (izpolniti), throw away (vreči stran), give back (vrniti), look up (poiskati v slovarju ali na spletu), put off (preložiti), turn down (zavrniti; utišati).
Tip 2. Neločljivi: predmet je vedno na koncu, tudi zaimek.
| Who's going to look after the children? | ✗ look the children after |
| Who's going to look after them? | ✗ look them after |
| I ran into an old friend yesterday. | po naključju srečal |
| She's dealing with the problem. | rešuje težavo |
Sem spadajo tudi look for (iskati), get on / get off (vstopiti na avtobus, izstopiti), look into (raziskati, preveriti), come across (naleteti na). Pravilo „zaimek v sredino“ zanje ne velja: tu se majhna beseda obnaša kot predlog in stoji pred predmetom.
Tip 3. Brez predmeta: za glagolom ni treba ničesar.
| The car broke down. | se je pokvaril |
| I grew up in a small town. | sem odraščal |
| He turned up an hour late. | se je prikazal, prišel |
| We set off at six. | smo se odpravili na pot |
| Students don't earn much, but they get by. | se znajdejo, shajajo |
Tip 4. Iz treh delov: glagol in dve majhni besedi, vedno skupaj in vedno pred predmetom.
| I'm looking forward to the holidays. | komaj čakam |
| I can't put up with the noise. | prenašati, sprijazniti se |
| We've run out of milk. | zmanjkalo je, porabili smo |
| I get on with my colleagues. | razumeti se, biti v dobrih odnosih |
| She came up with a great idea. | si je izmislila, domislila se je |
look forward to + -ing. Tu je to predlog, kot v be used to (B1 #33), zato za njim stoji oblika na -ing ali samostalnik: I'm looking forward to seeing you. — „Komaj čakam, da se vidiva.“ Ne ✗ to see you. V pismih je to ustaljen zaključek: I look forward to hearing from you.
Kako prepoznati tip. Po pomenu ga ne uganeš — tip je naveden v slovarju. Navadno je zapisan takole: turn something on (prostor za predmet je v sredini — glagol je ločljiv), look after somebody (predmet na koncu — neločljiv), break down (brez predmeta). Frazni glagol se uči takoj s to shemo, ne gol.
En glagol — več pomenov in različni tipi. To je normalno, in tip se pogosto spremeni skupaj s pomenom:
| Take off your shoes. — Take them off. | sezuti (tip 1) |
| The plane took off at ten. | je vzletelo (tip 3) |
| I'll pick you up at seven. | pridem pote (tip 1) |
| Could you turn the music up? | naredi glasneje (tip 1) |
| Nobody turned up. | nihče ni prišel (tip 3) |
Pogovorni glagol in njegov knjižni par. Mnogi frazni glagoli imajo enobesedno sopomenko. Ta zveni bolj uradno — tako se piše v dokumentih in novicah. V pogovoru bo Anglež skoraj vedno izbral frazni glagol:
| v pogovoru | v uradnem besedilu | pomen |
|---|---|---|
| find out | discover | izvedeti, ugotoviti |
| put off | postpone | preložiti |
| turn down | refuse, reject | odkloniti, zavrniti |
| go on | continue | nadaljevati |
| come back | return | vrniti se |
| look into | investigate | raziskati, preveriti |
Reči v lokalu We have postponed the party — slovnično pravilno, a zveni kot obvestilo. We've put off the party — tako govorijo prijatelji.
Še primeri:
| Can you look up his number? | Poglej njegovo številko (na spletu). |
| I threw the old newspapers away. | Stare časopise sem vrgel stran. |
| The meeting has been put off until Friday. | Sestanek so preložili na petek. |
| How did you find out? | Kako si izvedel? |
Tako se ne reče. ✗ I'm looking for it forward — delov tridelnega glagola ne ločujemo: ✓ I'm looking forward to it.
Preveri se. Zamenjaj the TV z zaimkom: Switch off the TV. Zdaj pa še the dog v Can you look after the dog? Kako se reče „Komaj čakam najino srečanje“?
prikaži odgovore
Napake govorcev slovenščine
prirejeno za vaš jezikZaimek za ločljivim glagolom
✗ Turn on it, ✗ I'll pick up you at seven → ✓ Turn it on, ✓ I'll pick you up at seven. Majhna beseda ustreza slovenski predponi, ki je zrasla z glagolom — „prižgi ga“, „ugasni ga“ — zato se zdi turn on en kos, zaimek pa gre za ves kos. To je najtrdovratnejša napaka teme, še iz A2 #22.
Zaimek v sredini neločljivega
✗ Who will look the children after?
✗ look them after
✓ look after them
To je druga plat prve napake: ko se naučiš „zaimek v sredino“, ga preneseš na vse frazne glagole po vrsti.
look forward to + osnovna oblika
✗ I'm looking forward to see you
✓ I'm looking forward to seeing you
Slovensko „komaj čakam, da te vidim“ ima za seboj glagol, to pa spominja na nedoločnik. A tu je to predlog, in za njim pride samostalnik ali -ing.
Manjka zadnji del
✗ I can't put up the noise → ✓ I can't put up with the noise; ✗ We've run out milk → ✓ We've run out of milk. Slovenski „ne prenesem hrupa“ in „zmanjkalo nam je mleka“ shajata brez predloga, zato se tretji del zdi odveč. Brez njega pa glagol pomeni nekaj drugega: put up — „obesiti“, „dvigniti“.
Izgovorjava
4 minNaglas je na majhni besedi, ne na glagolu:
Turn it off. I grew up in Leeds. He turned up late. The car broke down.
Pri tridelnih je naglas na prvi od obeh majhnih besed: v put up with — na up, v run out of — na out, v get on with — na on. V look forward to — na for: /lʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/.
Po tem se frazni glagol loči od glagola s predlogom: v I looked at the picture je naglas na polnopomenskem glagolu looked, at pa je nenaglašen. V Look out! — „Pazi!“ — je naglas na out, ker je to frazni glagol.
Vezano branje. Soglasnik na koncu glagola se zlije s samoglasnikom členka ali zaimka: turn it on zveni /tɜːnɪˈtɒn/, pick it up — /pɪkɪˈtʌp/, fill it in — /fɪlɪˈtɪn/. Ne delaj premorov med deli: frazni glagol se izgovori kot ena beseda.
Besedilo
5 minLast Monday our washing machine broke down in the middle of a wash. There was water everywhere, so I turned the machine off at the wall and looked up a repair service online. I filled in a form on their website, and they promised to send someone on Wednesday.
On Wednesday I waited all morning, but nobody turned up. I rang them, and a very polite woman said she would look into it. In the end the engineer came on Thursday. He found out what was wrong in five minutes, dealt with it in half an hour, and I paid him on the spot.
The washing machine isn't our only problem. We get on well with most of our neighbours, but I can't put up with the music from the flat above any longer. They turn it up every night at eleven. Last week I ran into the owner on the stairs and asked him to turn it down. He said he would, but nothing has changed.
So we've decided to move. Our contract runs out in September, and we've already found a little house near the park. I'm really looking forward to moving out — and to buying a new washing machine.
Vaje
32 min1. Zamenjaj
- Turn off the TV.
- Can you pick up the children at four?
- I'll look after your cat.
- Please fill in this form.
- I ran into Mark yesterday.
- Don't throw away those letters.
- She's dealing with the problem.
Prikaži odgovore
2. Vstavi
- The car broke on the motorway
- We've run milk. Can you buy some?
- I'm looking forward seeing you
- I can't put up his jokes any longer
- He turned an hour late, as usual
- Could you turn the music ? It's too loud
- I grew in a small town near Bristol
- Who's going to look the dog while we're away?
Prikaži odgovore
3. Povezovanje.
- put off
- turn down
- find out
- come up with
- get on with
- run into
Prikaži odgovore
4. Prepiši pogovorno:
- We've postponed the meeting until Friday. (put off)
- She refused the job offer. (turn down)
- Please continue. (go on)
- I discovered the truth last week. (find out)
- When will you return? (come back)
- The police are investigating the accident. (look into)
Prikaži odgovore
5. Iskanje napak.
- Can you turn on it?
- I'm looking forward to see you.
- Who will look the children after?
- I can't put up the noise any more.
- We've run out milk.
- I'll pick up you at the station.
Prikaži odgovore
6. Prevedi v angleščino.
1) Ob sedmih pridem pote. 2) S sosedi se odlično razumemo. 3) Zmanjkalo nam je kruha. 4) Komaj čakam dopust. 5) Ponudbo je zavrnila.
Prikaži odgovore
Povzetek
Obravnavano
- štirje tipi fraznih glagolov in besedni red pri vsakem
- zaimek v sredini ločljivega in na koncu neločljivega
- look forward to + -ing
- tip po slovarski shemi
- več pomenov pri enem glagolu
- pogovorni glagol proti knjižni sopomenki
Sledi lekcija 35: prikazati spremembo in primerjati.
Konec jedra
Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.
izbirno
Besedišče za kartice
16 besed- break down /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ pokvariti se
- turn up /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ prikazati se, priti
- fill in /ˌfɪl ˈɪn/ izpolniti
- look up /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ poiskati (v slovarju, na spletu)
- deal with /ˈdiːl wɪð/ rešiti, urediti (kaj)
- look into /ˌlʊk ˈɪntuː/ raziskati, preveriti
- find out /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ izvedeti, ugotoviti
- put off /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ preložiti
- turn down /ˌtɜːn ˈdaʊn/ zavrniti; utišati
- run into /ˌrʌn ˈɪntuː/ po naključju srečati
- put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ prenašati, sprijazniti se z
- get on with /ˌɡet ˈɒn wɪð/ razumeti se z
- come up with /ˌkʌm ˈʌp wɪð/ izmisliti si, domisliti se
- look forward to /ˌlʊk ˈfɔːwəd tə/ komaj čakati, veseliti se
- run out /ˌrʌn ˈaʊt/ zmanjkati, poteči
- on the spot /ˌɒn ðə ˈspɒt/ na mestu, takoj
Pisanje
Šest povedi o vsakdanji težavi in o tem, kako si jo rešil. Vsaj pet fraznih glagolov, med njimi en neločljiv z zaimkom in en tridelni.
Zgled
Last month my laptop broke down. I looked up a repair shop and took it there. They said they would look into it, but nobody rang me for a week. In the end I went back and found out that they had lost my form. I filled it in again, and they dealt with the problem the next day. I can't put up with bad service, but they apologised, so I'm not angry.
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