语法 剩余核心内容 ~55 分钟

描述东西,写评价

完成本课后你将能够

能把几个形容词按正确的顺序排列,也不会把“感到无聊”和“让人无聊”弄混。

开始课程 核心 55 分钟 · 步骤:6 · 可选:+2

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。

语法

16 分钟

给买到的东西写评价,写转让广告,描述丢失的包——都要同时说出一样东西的好几个特征,还要说它给人什么感觉。英语里为此有两样工具:形容词的顺序,以及 -ed 和 -ing 这一对形式。

形容词的顺序。 汉语可以说“一张旧的红色皮沙发”,也可以说“一张红色的旧皮沙发”。英语里名词前面的顺序是固定的:

看法 大小 新旧 形状 颜色 来源 材料 用途
lovely big old round brown Italian wooden dining table

道理是这样的:一个特征和东西本身的关系越紧密,它就离名词越近。看法是你自己的想法,别人可以不同意,所以它离名词最远。大小和新旧会随着时间改变。颜色、来源和材料已经是东西本身的属性了。而用途几乎和名词合成一体: dining table——“餐桌”,running shoes——“跑鞋”。拿不准的时候,问问自己哪个特征更固定,那个特征就离名词更近。

哪个特征属于哪一类。 最难的是分清看法和事实。看法是可以争论的:lovely,beautiful,ugly, comfortable,expensive,cheap,useful。事实是看得见或者量得出的:大小(big,tiny, long,tall),新旧(old,new,young),形状(round,square),颜色。来源和材料回答 “哪儿来的?”和“什么做的?”:Italian,Swiss,wooden,leather。材料常常就用一个普通名词表示,没有任何词尾:a stone house,a gold ring,a wool coat。用途也一样:a kitchen table,a sports bag。这样的名词总是放在最后,紧挨着中心词:两个词合在一起,听起来几乎像一个词。

实际上,连续用三个以上的形容词很少见,可是任何两个形容词之间都要守这个顺序:

a small black handbag 一个黑色的小手提包
a beautiful old house 一座漂亮的老房子
an expensive Swiss watch 一块很贵的瑞士手表
a long wooden table 一张长长的木桌
a nice new leather jacket 一件很好的新皮夹克

逗号和 and。 两个表示看法的形容词之间可以用逗号:a lovely, comfortable sofa。两种颜色用 and 连接:a black and white photo。形容词放在动词后面、和名词分开的时候,最后两个之间也要加 and:The bag is small and black.

-ed 和 -ing。 很多表示感觉的形容词是成对的:bored 和 boring,interested 和 interesting,tired 和 tiring。-ed 形式说的是人有什么感觉:他受到了影响,所以累了、吃惊了、觉得无聊了。-ing 形式说的是引起这种感觉的东西:电影、旅行、消息。汉语有时也这样分:“感到惊讶”和“令人惊讶”,“感到失望”和“令人失望”。可是更多的时候,人和事用同一个词:“我很累”和“这趟旅行很累”,“我很无聊”和“这个讲座很无聊”。英语里一定要分开。

-ed——人有什么感觉 -ing——什么引起这种感觉
I was bored. — 我觉得很无聊。 The lecture was boring. — 那个讲座很无聊。
She's interested in art. The exhibition is interesting.
We were tired after the journey. The journey was tiring.
I was surprised by the price. The price was surprising.
He was confused. The instructions were confusing.
They were disappointed. The hotel was disappointing.

同类的还有 excited——exciting,worried——worrying,annoyed——annoying(恼火的——让人恼火的),embarrassed——embarrassing(尴尬的——让人尴尬的、丢脸的)。

人也可以用 -ing 形式,如果是他让别人产生这种感觉:He's boring——“他这个人很无趣”,She's an interesting person——“她是个很有意思的人”。

怎么检查。 问问自己:这里是谁有感觉?如果主语自己有这种感觉——用 -ed:I was bored——我觉得无聊。如果主语让别人有这种感觉——用 -ing:The film was boring——电影让人觉得无聊。所以东西、地方、事情几乎总是用 -ing:电影和旅行没有感觉。-ed 用于人,也用于动物:The dog looks bored.

和哪些动词连用。 这两种形式不只放在 be 后面。-ed 形式和 get 连用,表示变化:I got bored after an hour.——“过了一个小时我就觉得无聊了。”和 feel、look 连用,说人感觉怎么样、看起来怎么样:I feel tired. You look worried. 放在名词前面时两种形式都可以:a tired child——“累了的孩子”,a tiring day——“累人的一天”。

比较一下:

I'm bored. 我觉得无聊。
I'm boring. 我是个无趣的人,跟我在一起很没意思。

两句话都没有语法错误,可是说的是不同的事。弄混了,就把自己说成了另一个意思。

不能这样说。 ✗ I'm interesting in history → ✓ I'm interested in history。感兴趣的是人,所以要用 -ed 形式;interesting 的意思是你自己让别人觉得有意思,而且后面不跟 in。

自我检测。 “听讲座的时候我觉得很无聊”怎么说?按正确的顺序排列:jacket,leather,black, a。What a ___ day! 里填 tired 还是 tiring?

显示答案
I was bored at the lecture / I was bored during the lecture; a black leather jacket; tiring——一天不会觉得累,它是让人累。
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中文母语者的常见错误

已针对你的语言编写
1

用 I'm boring 表示“我很无聊”。

I'm boring 没有语法错误,可是意思是“我是个无趣的人”。要说“我觉得无聊”,得说 I'm bored。汉语“我很无聊”“这部电影很无聊”用的是同一个“无聊”,所以学生往往直接用先学会的 boring。“我对历史感兴趣”也一样:✗ I'm interesting in history → ✓ I'm interested in history。

2

说东西也用 -ed。

✗ The journey was tired → ✓ The journey was tiring。汉语说“我很累”,也说 “这趟旅行很累”“这份工作很累”,于是 tired 被用在一切和累有关的东西上。可是旅行和工作没有感觉,它们是让人累,所以用 -ing。✗ The news was surprised → ✓ The news was surprising 也是同样的道理。

3

形容词的顺序。

✗ a red big bag → ✓ a big red bag。✗ a wooden small house → ✓ a small wooden house。汉语加上“的”,顺序就很自由:“一个红色的大包”“一座木头的小房子”都很自然,于是英语也照着汉语的顺序说。英语里只有在对比的时候才能听到相反的顺序:the RED big bag, not the blue one。

发音

4 分钟

形容词里的 -ed 按 A1 第28课的规则读。 bored /bɔːd/ 和 surprised /səˈpraɪzd/——不多出一个音节,不要读成 /səˈpraɪzɪd/。只有在 t 和 d 后面才多一个音节 /ɪd/:interested /ˈɪntrəstɪd/, disappointed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/,excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/。

interested 和 interesting 是三个音节,不是四个: /ˈɪntrəstɪd/,/ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/。重音在第一个音节, t 后面的 e 不发音。

-ing 读 /ɪŋ/,结尾没有 /ɡ/: boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/,tiring /ˈtaɪərɪŋ/。

一串形容词里每个都有重音,最重的在名词上: a lovely old wooden TABLE。形容词之间不要停顿:这是一个意群。

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课文

5 分钟

Four stars out of five

I spent months looking for a kitchen table, and last week I finally found one on a second-hand website: a lovely old round wooden table, made in Scotland about seventy years ago. The price was surprisingly low, so at first I was a bit worried. But when it arrived, I wasn't disappointed at all. The wood is in excellent condition, and the four heavy legs are solid.

There was one problem. The legs come off for delivery, so I had to put them back on myself. The instructions were confusing — two pages of tiny drawings and no words — and after an hour I was tired and annoyed. I'm not very good at fixing things, so in the end I rang my brother. He has a big red toolbox, and he's always pleased to help. Ten minutes later the table was standing on its legs.

Now it stands in our small bright kitchen, and everyone who sees it asks where it's from. The seller was friendly and quick to answer questions. If you're interested in old furniture, I can recommend her shop. Just ask her for better instructions!

朗读

练习

30 分钟

1. 连词成句。

  1. I / bought / a / table / wooden / round / lovely
  2. She / was wearing / a / coat / wool / long / black
  3. They / live / in / a / house / old / beautiful / stone
  4. He / drives / an / car / Italian / old / red
  5. My / grandmother / gave / me / a / ring / gold / tiny / old
  6. I / need / a / bag / sports / big / new
显示答案
I bought a lovely round wooden table; She was wearing a long black wool coat; They live in a beautiful old stone house; He drives an old red Italian car; My grandmother gave me a tiny old gold ring; I need a big new sports bag

2. 填空。

  1. The lecture was so (bore) that half the students fell asleep
  2. I was (surprise) that the table was so cheap
  3. Are you (interest) in modern art?
  4. After eight hours on the coach we were all very (tire)
  5. The instructions were really (confuse)
  6. We were (disappoint) with the hotel — the room was dirty
  7. It was so (embarrass) — I forgot my new boss's name
  8. I got (annoy) because the bus was late again
显示答案
boring; surprised; interested; tired; confusing; disappointed; embarrassing; annoyed

3. 把这些特征合成一串

  1. I bought a bag. It's leather, and it's small and brown.
  2. They have a table for the kitchen. It's old and wooden.
  3. She lives in a cottage. It's lovely, and it's made of stone.
  4. He gave me a watch. It's Swiss, and it's expensive.
显示答案
I bought a small brown leather bag; They have an old wooden kitchen table / They've got an old wooden kitchen table; She lives in a lovely stone cottage; He gave me an expensive Swiss watch

4. 找出错误并改正。

  1. I'm interesting in modern art.
  2. I was really boring at the party, so I went home.
  3. He bought a leather black jacket.
  4. The journey was really tired.
  5. They live in a wooden small house.
  6. We were very disappointing with the hotel.
显示答案
I'm interested in modern art; I was really bored at the party, so I went home; He bought a black leather jacket; The journey was really tiring; They live in a small wooden house; We were very disappointed with the hotel

5. 用 -ing 形容词改写:

  1. I was bored during the lecture.
  2. We were all surprised by the result.
  3. I was confused by the instructions.
  4. Everyone was disappointed with the hotel.
显示答案
The lecture was boring; The result was surprising; The instructions were confusing; The hotel was disappointing

6. 译成英语。

1) 我觉得很无聊,就回家了。 2) 她有一个漂亮的意大利旧包。 3) 我当时非常尴尬。 4) 那是很累人的一天。 5) 他买了一块很贵的瑞士手表。 6) 这个消息很让人吃惊,可是我并不吃惊。

显示答案
I was bored, so I went home / I got bored and went home; She's got a beautiful old Italian bag / She has a beautiful old Italian bag; I was very embarrassed / I felt very embarrassed; It was a tiring day; He bought an expensive Swiss watch; The news was surprising, but I wasn't surprised

7. 用完整的句子回答

——说说你自己。下面的答案是范例。 1) When did you last feel really surprised? 2) What was the most interesting thing you did last month? 3) What's the most boring thing you have to do every week?

显示答案
I felt really surprised last week, when my brother called me from Australia; The most interesting thing was a trip to an old castle; The most boring thing is the weekly shopping
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小结

本课已学:形容词的顺序和其中的道理,用作特征的名词,形容词之间的逗号和 and,-ed 和 -ing 的区别以及怎么检查,get、feel、look 和它们连用。下一课——第27课:取决于什么。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 99 课

可选

词卡词汇

15 词
  • wooden /ˈwʊdn/ 木头的,木制的
  • leather /ˈleðə/ 皮的,皮革的
  • second-hand /ˌsekənd ˈhænd/ 二手的
  • furniture /ˈfɜːnɪtʃə/ 家具
  • condition /kənˈdɪʃn/ 状况
  • solid /ˈsɒlɪd/ 结实的
  • confusing /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ 让人糊涂的
  • disappointed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ 失望的
  • annoyed /əˈnɔɪd/ 恼火的
  • embarrassing /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ 让人尴尬的,丢脸的
  • embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ 尴尬的,难为情的
  • tiring /ˈtaɪərɪŋ/ 累人的
  • recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/ 推荐
  • seller /ˈselə/ 卖家
  • toolbox /ˈtuːlbɒks/ 工具箱

写作

写六个句子——给你最近买的一样东西写评价:它是什么样的,买的过程怎么样,你有什么感觉。至少要有一串三个形容词,一对 -ed 和 -ing,还有一个放在 get 或 feel 后面的 -ed 形式。

范例: Last month I bought a small black leather bag from a second-hand shop. It was surprisingly cheap, and at first I was very pleased with it. After a week one of the straps broke, and I felt really disappointed. The shop assistant was friendly, but the repair was annoying and slow. I'm not so interested in second-hand shops now. Next time I'll buy a new bag.

检查清单:看法放在最前面,材料放在名词前的最后一个位置吗?-ed 说人,-ing 说引起感觉的东西吗?东西、地方、事情用的是 -ing 吗?

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