准确地说出取决于什么
能在动词、名词和形容词后面选对介词——也能注意到它和汉语说法对不上的地方。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
15 分钟“取决于”“等公交车”“听音乐”“给我解释”。在汉语里，每个这样的搭配要不要介词、用哪个介词，由动词自己决定。英语动词也自己决定，只是方式不同。对得上的时候也有，可那是巧合：“跟他吵架”——argue with him，正好对上；可是“听音乐”“等公交车”在汉语里不用介词，英语却要说 listen to music、wait for the bus；“取决于”是 depend on，on 也不是从汉语里能猜出来的。所以动词后面的介词要和动词一起学，当作这个词的一部分。名词和形容词也是这样：动词、名词、形容词加上介词，组成一个“词 + 介词”的体系。
形式。 介词紧跟在动词后面，介词后面是动作涉及的对象：It depends on the weather. I'm waiting for the bus. 否定句里介词仍然留在动词旁边：I don't agree with you. 如果问的正是介词后面的那个东西，介词本身就移到句末——和第17课的从句一样：
| I'm waiting for Tom. | Who are you waiting for? |
| It depends on the price. | What does it depend on? |
| This bag belongs to Anna. | Who does this bag belong to? |
| They're talking about the new manager. | Who are they talking about? |
介词放在问句末尾是英语口语的常规说法，不是随便。
动词 + 介词。 这些介词并不完全是偶然的：每个介词都有自己的方向，这能帮你把动词分组来记。
| 介词 | 它带来的意思 | 动词 |
|---|---|---|
| for | 想要得到的东西 | wait for, look for（找）, ask for, apply for, pay for |
| to | 朝向谁 | listen to, talk to, belong to, reply to, happen to |
| about | 话题 | think about, talk about, worry about, complain about |
| on | 依靠 | depend on, concentrate on, spend money on |
| at | 目光指向的点 | look at, laugh at, point at |
| with | 和谁一起 | agree with, argue with |
| of | 由什么构成 | consist of |
pay 要特别注意。为一样东西付钱——pay for the coffee，可是付账单、付钱给某人、付多少钱——不用介词：pay the bill，pay the waiter，pay ten pounds。
look 能组成三个不同的动词——介词决定了全部意思：
| I'm looking for my keys. | 我在找钥匙。 |
| Look at this photo! | 看这张照片！ |
| She looks after her grandmother. | 她照顾奶奶。 |
动词 + 人 + 介词。 有些动词带两个宾语，介词放在第二个前面：thank someone for something，ask someone for something，spend money on something，borrow something from someone。Thanks for your help. I asked my boss for a day off. We spent too much on the hotel.
explain 是个特别的陷阱。give me、show me、tell me 都能把“我”直接放在动词后面，explain 却不行：解释给谁听，只能用 to 连接：Can you explain the rule to me? 或者：Can you explain to me how it works? describe something to someone 和 say something to someone 也是这样。
不用介词的动词。 反方向的陷阱：英语动词直接跟宾语，学生却照着“谈论”“走进”“嫁给”“给……打电话”这类说法加上一个介词。
| ✗ | ✓ | 汉语 |
|---|---|---|
| discuss about the plan | discuss the plan | 讨论计划 |
| enter into the room | enter the room | 走进房间 |
| answer to the question | answer the question | 回答问题 |
| marry with him | marry him | 嫁给他 |
| phone to her | phone her | 给她打电话 |
| reach to the station | reach the station | 到达车站 |
| join to the club | join the club | 加入俱乐部 |
名词 + 介词。 名词有自己的介词，而且常常和同根的动词不一样：
| the reason for the delay | 延误的原因 |
| the answer to the question | 问题的答案 |
| a solution to the problem | 问题的解决办法 |
| the key to the door | 门钥匙 |
| an invitation to the party | 聚会的请柬 |
| an interest in history | 对历史的兴趣 |
| the difference between them | 它们之间的区别 |
| a problem with the car | 车出的毛病 |
形容词 + 介词。 这是同一个体系的第三部分。很多形容词后面也跟着自己的介词，看汉语也猜不出来：“擅长数学”——good at maths，“生他的气”——angry with him。这些搭配要整个记住：
| good at / bad at | She's good at maths. |
| interested in | I'm interested in history. |
| afraid of | He's afraid of dogs. |
| proud of | We're proud of our daughter. |
| tired of | I'm tired of waiting. — 我等烦了。 |
| keen on | He's keen on football. — 他很迷足球。 |
| worried about | They're worried about money. |
| angry with（对人），about（为事） | She was angry with me about the car. |
| pleased with | I'm pleased with the result. |
| different from | My job is different from yours. |
| famous for | The town is famous for its cheese. |
| full of | The room was full of people. |
| married to | She's married to a doctor. |
其中很多是第26课学过的 -ed 形式：interested in，worried about，disappointed with。形容词的介词常常和同根的动词或名词一样：worry about——worried about，an interest in——interested in。 tired 和 tired of 不是一回事：I'm tired——“我累了”，I'm tired of it——“我烦透了”。keen on 是很英式的说法：I'm not keen on spicy food——“我不太爱吃辣的”。英国人也常常把 different from 说成 different to；这也是对的。
比较一下同根的动词和名词：
| Please answer the question. | 动词——不用介词 |
| What's the answer to the question? | 名词——用 to |
| We discussed the plan. | 动词——不用介词 |
| We had a discussion about the plan. | 名词——用 about |
介词后面的动词用 -ing 形式——不管是什么介词：动词后面的，比如 I'm thinking about moving，Thanks for coming，She insisted on paying（第16课），还是形容词后面的：good at cooking，afraid of flying，tired of waiting。
更多例子：
| I agree with you, but it depends on the price. | 我同意你的看法，可是这要看价钱。 |
| What happened to your car? | 你的车怎么了？ |
| He spent all his money on books. | 他把所有的钱都花在书上了。 |
| The team consists of six people. | 这个团队由六个人组成。 |
不能这样说。 ✗ What are you waiting? → ✓ What are you waiting for? 问句末尾没有介词，意思就不通了：wait 和 wait for 是两个不同的动词。
自我检测。 “这要看天气”怎么说？We discussed about the price 错在哪里？good、afraid 和 proud 后面用什么介词？
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中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写漏掉介词。
✗ I listen music → ✓ I listen to music。✗ We waited the bus → ✓ We waited for the bus。✗ Look this photo! → ✓ Look at this photo! 汉语“听音乐”“等车”“看照片”都是动词直接跟宾语，英语的介词就显得多余。可是 listen、wait、look 不加介词就连不上宾语。
多加介词。
✗ We discussed about the plan → ✓ We discussed the plan。✗ She married with a doctor → ✓ She married a doctor，或者 She's married to a doctor。“关于”和“跟……结婚”把 about 和 with 带了进来。可是 discuss 和 marry 直接跟宾语。
名词后面一律用 of。
✗ the reason of the delay → ✓ the reason for the delay。✗ the answer of the question → ✓ the answer to the question。汉语一个“的”就够了：“延误的原因”“问题的答案”，于是“的”都变成了 of。这些名词的介词要和名词一起记。
explain me。
✗ Can you explain me this rule?
✓ Can you explain this rule to me?
学过 tell me、show me 以后，me 很容易也放到 explain 后面。可是 explain 只能用 to 连接解释的对象。
发音
3 分钟介词在句子中间不重读： for /fə/，to /tə/，at /ət/，of /əv/，from /frəm/。I'm waiting for the bus——/aɪm ˈweɪtɪŋ fə ðə ˈbʌs/。重音落在动词和名词上。
问句末尾的介词要读完整。 Who are you waiting for?——/fɔː/，Who does it belong to?——/tuː/， What are you looking at?——/æt/。句末不用弱读形式。
动词和介词连成一个词： depends on /dɪˈpendz ɒn/，look at /ˈlʊk ət/，listen to /ˈlɪsn tə/—— listen 里的 t 不发音。
课文
5 分钟Hi Sam,
Thanks for your message, and sorry I didn't reply to it sooner — it's been a busy week.
You asked about the job in Bristol. I applied for it at the start of the month, and on Monday I had the interview. They asked me a lot of questions about my last job and my reasons for leaving it. The answer to the last question took me ages: "What are you most proud of?" I'm still waiting for their decision, and I'm not very good at waiting. It depends on two things — how many other people they've interviewed and whether the manager agrees with me about the salary. We discussed it for half an hour, and I'm not sure we found a solution to the problem.
If I get the job, we'll have to look for a flat in Bristol. Anna doesn't worry about things like that, but I do. And who's going to look after Mum? She hates asking anyone for help, and she never listens to anybody but me.
Anyway, enough about me. What are you working on at the moment? And have you found out who that old bike in your garden belongs to?
Love, Kate
练习
30 分钟1. 填入介词。
- It all depends the weather
- We waited the bus for forty minutes
- Do you listen the radio in the car?
- Who does this umbrella belong ?
- He's afraid dogs
- She looks her grandmother at weekends
- She's very good languages
- I asked the waiter the bill
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2. 需要的话填入介词；
- We discussed the plan for an hour
- Please answer all the questions
- He entered the room without knocking
- I completely agree you
- She married a man from Glasgow
- I'm thinking changing my job
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3. 找出错误并改正。
- It depends from the price.
- I listen music every morning.
- We discussed about the new timetable.
- Can you explain me this rule?
- The team consists from six people.
- My sister is married with a doctor.
- What is the reason of the delay?
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4. 用括号里的词变成疑问句；
- I'm waiting for Tom. (who)
- This bag belongs to Anna. (who)
- It depends on the price. (what)
- She's worried about her exams. (what)
- They're talking about the new manager. (who)
- I'm looking for my keys. (what)
- He spent all his money on books. (what)
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5. 用形容词加介词改写。
- Spiders frighten him. (afraid)
- She plays tennis really well. (good)
- I don't want to wait any more. (tired)
- People know our town for its cheese. (famous)
- Our daughter passed all her exams. We feel great about her. (proud)
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6. 译成英语。
1) 这要看你。 2) 请给我解释一下它是怎么工作的。 3) 我们讨论了这个问题，可是没找到解决办法。 4) 她照顾弟弟。 5) 他为女儿感到骄傲。 6) 你的手机怎么了？
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7. 用完整的句子回答
——说说你自己。下面的答案是范例。 1) What do your weekend plans usually depend on? 2) What do you spend most of your money on? 3) Who do you usually ask for advice? 4) What are you good at, and what are you afraid of?
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小结
本课已学：“词 + 介词”的体系——按介词分组的动词（for、to、about、on、at、with、of），问句末尾的介词，三个 look，动词 + 人 + 介词，explain something to someone，七个不用介词的动词，名词后面的介词，十三个“形容词 + 介词”的搭配，介词后面用 -ing。下一课——第28课：说清楚具体怎么做。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
19 词- depend on /dɪˈpend ɒn/ 取决于，依靠
- belong to /bɪˈlɒŋ tə/ 属于
- consist of /kənˈsɪst əv/ 由……组成
- look after /ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə/ 照顾，照看
- reply to /rɪˈplaɪ tə/ 回复（信件、消息）
- complain about /kəmˈpleɪn əˌbaʊt/ 抱怨，投诉
- concentrate on /ˈkɒnsntreɪt ɒn/ 专心于
- discuss /dɪˈskʌs/ 讨论
- explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/ 解释
- marry /ˈmæri/ 和……结婚，娶，嫁
- reason /ˈriːzn/ 原因，理由
- solution /səˈluːʃn/ （问题的）解决办法
- decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/ 决定
- interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/ 面试
- salary /ˈsæləri/ 工资，薪水
- invitation /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/ 邀请（名词），请柬
- proud of /ˈpraʊd əv/ 为……骄傲
- keen on /ˈkiːn ɒn/ 热衷于，很喜欢
- afraid of /əˈfreɪd əv/ 害怕
写作
写六个句子：你的计划取决于什么，你在等什么，你照顾谁，在家里讨论什么。至少要有一个介词放在句末的问句，一个形容词加介词的搭配。
范例： I'm thinking about changing my job, but it depends on a few things. I've applied for two jobs and I'm waiting for an answer. My parents are worried about me, but I try not to worry about it too much. My sister looks after her children and works part-time, so we often discuss money. Who do I usually ask for advice? My sister, of course.
检查清单：介词是从英语的表里选的，而不是从汉语翻过来的吗？discuss、enter、answer、marry 后面没有介词吧？说的是 explain … to me，不是 explain me 吗？问句里的介词留在句末了吗？形容词后面的介词是表里的，而不是照汉语想出来的吗？