Gramatika liko ~54 min pagrindinės dalies

Pasvajoti

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu papasakoti apie tai, kas nerealu ar mažai tikėtina, ir patarti per „tavo vietoje“.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 54 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

15 min

A2 #27 pamokoje sąlyga buvo reali: If it rains, I'll stay at home — lietus visai galimas. Bet dažnai kalbame apie tai, ko nėra: „turėčiau laiko“, „jei gyvenčiau prie jūros“. Tam yra antrojo tipo sąlygos sakiniai.

Forma: if + būtasis laikas, pagrindinėje dalyje would + bendratis.

teiginys If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
neiginys If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
klausimas What would you do if you won the lottery?
trumpasis atsakymas Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd — would sutrumpinimas, tas pats kaip I'd like (A2 #17). Dalis galima sukeisti vietomis: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Kablelis reikalingas tik tada, kai dalis su if eina pirma. Vietoj would būna ir could — „galėčiau“: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Būtasis laikas čia nereiškia praeities. If I had more time — apie šiandieną. Būtoji forma atitolina įvykį nuo tikrovės — taip pat, kaip mandagiame Could you…? (A2 #17). Lietuviškai tą patį darbą atlieka tariamoji nuosaka: „jei turėčiau laiko“ — ne esamasis ir ne būtasis laikas, o atskira forma nerealumui. Anglų kalba tokios formos neturi ir vietoj jos ima būtąjį laiką.

Kada vartojama.

Apie tai, ko dabar nėra: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Aš negyvenu prie jūros.

Apie ateitį, kuri mažai tikėtina ar išgalvota: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Laimėti beveik neįmanoma, todėl — antrasis tipas.

Patarimui: If I were you, I'd… — apie tai žemiau.

Palyginkite pirmąjį ir antrąjį tipą. Skirtumas ne „jei“, o tame, kiek kalbantysis tiki sąlyga:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Šansas realus: pokalbis praėjo gerai.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Šansas mažas: beveik nesitikiu.

Situacija ta pati, o tipo pasirinkimas pasako, kaip ją vertinate.

were visiems asmenims. Po if be turi ypatingą formą — were net su I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… Šnekamojoje kalboje dažnai sakoma ir If I was rich — tai irgi teisinga, tik paprasčiau ir mažiau knygiškai.

Patarimas: If I were you, I'd… — „tavo vietoje aš…“. Čia gimtakalbiai beveik visada sako were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Toks patarimas švelnesnis už You should… (A2 #11): jūs nemokote žmogaus, o atsistojate į jo vietą. Dažnai pirmoji dalis praleidžiama: I'd talk to your manager — „tavo vietoje“ ir taip aišku.

would be if. Pagrindinė dalis gyvuoja ir viena, kai sąlyga aiški iš pokalbio arba jos visai nėra: It would be nice to have a garden. — „Būtų smagu turėti sodą“. I'd never do that. — „Niekada taip nepasielgčiau“. Which city would you like to live in? Tai tas pats nerealumas, tik „jei“ neištartas. Todėl would taip dažnai girdimas svajonėse, vertinimuose ir mandagiuose klausimuose.

Dar pavyzdžių:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Žinočiau jos numerį — paskambinčiau.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Jei nebūtų taip brangu, eitume dažniau.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Būčiau laimingesnis, jei gyvenčiau arčiau darbo.
Would you live abroad if you could? Ar gyventum užsienyje, jei galėtum?

Taip nesakoma. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Jei sąlyga nereali, nereali ir pagrindinė dalis: will jai netinka.

Pasitikrinkite. Ką reiškia If I had a car, I'd drive to work: automobilis yra ar ne? Kaip pasakyti „tavo vietoje aš nesijaudinčiau“? Šansas laimėti beveik nulinis — kaip užbaigti If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

rodyti atsakymus
automobilio nėra — būtasis laikas po if kalba apie tai, kas nerealu; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (arba I wouldn't worry if I were you); antrasis tipas: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Reklama

Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

would abiejose dalyse

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

Lietuviškai tariamoji nuosaka stovi abiejose dalyse: „jei turėčiau laiko, mokyčiausi“. would atrodo tiesioginis jos vertimas, todėl jį norisi dėti ir po if. Angliškai would — tik pagrindinėje dalyje; po if jo darbą atlieka būtasis laikas.

2

„Jei būčiau tu“

✗ If I would be you, I would talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

Ta pati tariamoji nuosaka („jei būčiau tu“, „būčiau tavo vietoje“) siūlo would be. Po if — were, ir patarimo formulė visada ta pati: If I were you.

3

Kablelis prieš if

Lietuviškai šalutinis sakinys visada skiriamas kableliu („mokyčiausi italų kalbos, jei turėčiau laiko“), todėl norisi rašyti I'd learn Italian, if I had more time. Angliškai, kai if dalis eina antra, kablelio paprastai nededama: ✓ I'd learn Italian if I had more time.

4

would su „l“

Lietuviškai skaitome taip, kaip parašyta, todėl would ir could dažnai tariami su „l“: „vuld“. ✓ would /wʊd/, could /kʊd/: raidė l netariama, would pradžioje — lūpų /w/, ne „v“.

Tarimas

4 min

would teiginyje susitraukia iki /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Iš klausos nuo I learn jį skiria vienas garsas, todėl remkitės if ir būtuoju laiku greta: jie pasufleruoja, kad toliau bus would.

Pilnas would — /wʊd/, rimuojasi su good, raidė l netariama. Pilnas ir kirčiuotas jis būna trumpajame atsakyme: Yes, I would. Klausime ir po daiktavardžio, be kirčio, jis silpnas — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, be balsio tarp /d/ ir /n/.

were junginyje If I were you nekirčiuotas — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Kirtis tenka you, o patarimo gale balsas leidžiasi: taip jis skamba draugiškai ir užtikrintai.

Reklama

Tekstas

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

30 min

1. Įrašymas.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Rodyti atsakymus
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Pasirinkimas.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (visai įmanoma)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (negyvenu)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (suspėti galima)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (sodo nėra)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (tikriausiai paskambins)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantazija)
Rodyti atsakymus
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I would be you, I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Rodyti atsakymus
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Perrašykite kaip nerealią sąlygą,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Rodyti atsakymus
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Išplėskite užuominą į patarimą

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Rodyti atsakymus
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Atsakykite pilnais sakiniais

— apie save. Atsakymai žemiau — pavyzdys. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Rodyti atsakymus
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Jei turėčiau daugiau laiko, mokyčiausi italų kalbos. 2) Tavo vietoje pasikalbėčiau su vadovu. 3) Ką darytum, jei laimėtum loterijoje? 4) Jei gyvenčiau prie jūros, plaukiočiau kasdien. 5) Jei žinočiau jos adresą, parašyčiau jai.

Rodyti atsakymus
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Reklama

Santrauka

Išmokta

  • antrojo tipo sąlygos sakiniai visomis formomis
  • could vietoj would
  • būtasis laikas kaip atstumas nuo tikrovės
  • pasirinkimas tarp pirmojo ir antrojo tipo
  • were visiems asmenims
  • patarimas per If I were you

Toliau — 9 pamoka: apgailestavimas ir noras.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 81

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

15 žodžių
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ skaitytojas
  • nurse /nɜːs/ slaugytoja, slaugytojas
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ kaip reikiant
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ turgus
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ nuotykis
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ atvirai kalbant
  • mile /maɪl/ mylia
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ nuobodus
  • safe /seɪf/ patikimas, saugus
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ patarimas
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ vakariniai kursai
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ loterija
  • win /wɪn/ laimėti
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ dantų skausmas
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ teikti paraišką (kam)

Rašymas

Penki šeši sakiniai: ką veiktumėte, jei metus nereikėtų dirbti, ir vienas patarimas draugui per If I were you.

Pavyzdys

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Kontrolinis sąrašas

Juodraštis išsaugotas šiame įrenginyje
Reklama

Praktikuokite šią pamoką kituose skyriuose

Diktantasremiantis šia pamoka Užrašykite tai, ką girdite. Patikrinimas rodo kiekvieną skirtingą žodį ir kaip. Rašykite diktantą Skaitymas balsuremiantis šia pamoka Skaitykite pamokos tekstą balsu — kalbos atpažinimas paryškina žodžius, kurių neišgirdo. Skaitykite tekstą garsiai Skaitymas ir klausymasA1–C1 Įvairaus lygio tekstai su supratimo klausimais; transkripcija atsidaro atsakius. Išbandykite

Turite idėją funkcijai?

Siųsti idėją
Reklama
Reklama