Gramàtica ~54 min del nucli restant

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Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé parlar del que és irreal o poc probable i donar un consell amb «jo que tu».

Comença la lliçó Nucli 54 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

15 min

A l'A2 #27 la condició era real: If it rains, I'll stay at home — la pluja és ben possible. Però sovint parlem del que no és: «si tingués temps», «si visqués vora el mar». Per a això hi ha el segon tipus de condicionals.

La forma: if + passat; a la part principal, would + forma base.

afirmació If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
negació If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
pregunta What would you do if you won the lottery?
resposta curta Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd és la forma contreta de would, la mateixa que a I'd like (A2 #17). Les parts es poden intercanviar: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. La coma només cal quan la part amb if va primer. En lloc de would hi pot anar could, «podria»: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Aquí el passat no vol dir passat. If I had more time parla d'avui. La forma de passat allunya el fet de la realitat, igual que a la pregunta educada Could you…? (A2 #17). En català fa la mateixa feina l'imperfet de subjuntiu: «si tingués temps» també és una forma de passat, encara que parlem d'ara.

Quan es fa servir.

Per al que ara no és: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. No visc vora el mar.

Per a un futur poc probable o imaginat: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Guanyar-los és gairebé impossible; per això, el segon tipus.

Per a un consell: If I were you, I'd… — en parlem més avall.

Compara el primer i el segon tipus. La diferència no és el «si», sinó fins a quin punt qui parla creu en la condició:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Hi ha opcions reals: l'entrevista ha anat bé.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Hi ha poques opcions: gairebé no hi tinc esperança.

La situació és la mateixa, i el tipus que tries diu com la veus.

were per a totes les persones. Després d'if, be té una forma especial: were fins i tot amb I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… En la conversa també es diu sovint If I was rich, i també és correcte, només que més senzill i menys formal.

El consell: If I were you, I'd… — «jo que tu…», «jo en el teu lloc…». Aquí els parlants nadius gairebé sempre diuen were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Aquest consell és més suau que You should… (A2 #11): no alliçones l'altre, sinó que et poses al seu lloc. Sovint la primera part no es diu: I'd talk to your manager — el «jo que tu» ja s'entén.

would sense if. La part principal també viu sola quan la condició s'entén per la conversa o simplement no n'hi ha: It would be nice to have a garden. — «Estaria bé tenir un jardí». I'd never do that. — «Jo no ho faria mai». Which city would you like to live in? És la mateixa irrealitat, només que el «si» no es diu. Per això would se sent tant als somnis, a les valoracions i a les preguntes educades.

Més exemples:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Si sabés el seu número, li trucaria.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Si no fos tan car, hi aniríem més sovint.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Seria més feliç si no visqués tan lluny de la feina.
Would you live abroad if you could? Viuries a l'estranger, si poguessis?

Així no es diu. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Si la condició és irreal, també ho és la part principal: will no hi va.

Posa't a prova. Què vol dir If I had a car, I'd drive to work: tinc cotxe o no? Com es diu «jo que tu, no em preocuparia»? Les opcions de guanyar són gairebé nul·les: com acabes If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

mostra les respostes
no tinc cotxe — el passat després d'if parla del que és irreal; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (o I wouldn't worry if I were you); segon tipus: If I won, I'd buy a house.
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Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

would també després d'if

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

«Tindria» es tradueix per would have, i en la parla col·loquial fins i tot se sent «si tindria temps». En anglès, com a «si tingués temps, aprendria», el condicional va només a la part principal; després d'if, el passat.

2

would can

✗ If I had a car, I would can drive to work

✓ If I had a car, I could drive to work

«Podria» és el condicional de «poder», i sembla que demani would + can. Però davant de can no hi va would: «podria» en anglès és could.

3

Sense subjecte

✗ If I had more time, would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian

A «si tingués temps, aprendria italià» el català no repeteix «jo». En anglès cada part necessita el seu subjecte: would no diu de qui parlem.

4

«Jo que tu», «jo en el teu lloc»

In your place, I'd talk to him s'entén, però no és la forma habitual, i amb on (✗ On your place…) ja és un error. La fórmula del consell és ✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him: no la tradueixis paraula per paraula, aprèn-la sencera.

Pronunciació

4 min

would a l'afirmació es redueix a /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. D'oïda, d'I learn el distingeix un sol so; per això fixa't en l'if i en el passat del costat: t'avisen que després vindrà would.

would ple és /wʊd/, rima amb good, i la l no es pronuncia. Ple i accentuat només és a la resposta curta: Yes, I would. A la pregunta i després d'un nom, sense accent, és feble — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't és /ˈwʊdnt/, sense vocal entre la /d/ i la /n/.

were a If I were you és àton, /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. L'accent cau a you, i al final del consell la veu baixa: així sona amistós i segur.

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Text

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Lectura en veu alta

Exercicis

30 min

1. Omplir els buits.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Mostra les respostes
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Triar.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (és ben possible)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (no hi visc)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (encara s'hi és a temps)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (no tinc jardí)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (segurament trucarà)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantasia)
Mostra les respostes
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. On your place I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Mostra les respostes
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Reescriure com una condició irreal,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak French, so she can't work in Paris.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Mostra les respostes
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke French, she could work in Paris; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Convertir la pista en un consell

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Mostra les respostes
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Respondre amb frases completes

, sobre tu. Les respostes de sota són un model. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Mostra les respostes
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) Si tingués més temps, aprendria italià. 2) Jo que tu, parlaria amb el cap. 3) Què faries si et toqués la loteria? 4) Si visqués vora el mar, nedaria cada dia. 5) Si sabés la seva adreça, li escriuria.

Mostra les respostes
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
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Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó

  • el segon tipus de condicionals en totes les formes
  • could en lloc de would
  • el passat com a distància de la realitat
  • la tria entre el primer i el segon tipus
  • were per a totes les persones
  • el consell amb If I were you

A continuació, la lliçó 9: el penediment i el desig.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 81

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

15 paraules
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ lector, lectora
  • nurse /nɜːs/ infermera, infermer
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ com cal, bé
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ mercat
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ aventura
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ sincerament, la veritat
  • mile /maɪl/ milla
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ avorrit
  • safe /seɪf/ segur, estable
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ consell, consells
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ curs nocturn
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ loteria
  • win /wɪn/ guanyar
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ mal de queixal
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ presentar-se a (una feina), sol·licitar

Escriptura

Cinc o sis frases: què faries si durant un any no haguessis de treballar, i un consell a un amic amb If I were you.

Model

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round France. I'd learn French on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

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