Tatabahasa ~54 min daripada teras tinggal

Berangan-angan

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh bercakap tentang perkara yang tidak nyata atau tipis kemungkinannya, dan memberi nasihat dengan “kalau saya jadi awak”.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 54 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

15 min

Dalam A2 #27 syaratnya nyata: If it rains, I'll stay at home — hujan memang mungkin turun. Tetapi kita sering bercakap tentang sesuatu yang tidak ada: “kalaulah saya ada masa”, “kalau saya tinggal di tepi laut”. Untuk itu ada ayat bersyarat jenis kedua.

Bentuk: if + kala lampau, dalam bahagian utama would + bentuk asas.

ayat penyata If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
ayat nafi If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
ayat tanya What would you do if you won the lottery?
jawapan pendek Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd ialah singkatan would, sama seperti dalam I'd like (A2 #17). Kedua-dua bahagian boleh ditukar tempat: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Koma diperlukan hanya apabila bahagian dengan if berada di hadapan. Sebagai ganti would boleh juga could — “boleh”: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Kala lampau di sini tidak bermaksud masa lampau. If I had more time — tentang hari ini. Bentuk lampau menjauhkan peristiwa daripada kenyataan — sama seperti dalam Could you…? yang sopan (A2 #17). Bahasa Melayu tidak mempunyai kala: “kalau saya ada masa” boleh nyata atau tidak nyata, dan hanya konteks atau perkataan seperti “kalaulah” yang memberitahu. Dalam bahasa Inggeris tugas itu dilakukan oleh bentuk lampau.

Bila digunakan.

Tentang sesuatu yang tidak ada sekarang: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Saya tidak tinggal di tepi laut.

Tentang masa depan yang tipis kemungkinannya atau rekaan: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Menang hampir mustahil, jadi — jenis kedua.

Untuk nasihat: If I were you, I'd… — tentang ini di bawah.

Bandingkan jenis pertama dan kedua. Bezanya bukan pada “jika”, tetapi pada sejauh mana penutur percaya pada syarat itu:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Peluangnya nyata: temu duga berjalan lancar.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Peluangnya kecil: saya hampir tidak berharap.

Situasinya sama, tetapi pilihan jenis itu memberitahu bagaimana anda menilainya.

were untuk semua subjek. Selepas if, be ada bentuk khas — were walaupun dengan I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… Dalam perbualan orang juga sering berkata If I was rich — ini juga betul, cuma lebih ringkas dan kurang formal.

Nasihat: If I were you, I'd… — “kalau saya jadi awak, saya akan…”. Di sini penutur jati hampir selalu berkata were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Nasihat seperti ini lebih lembut daripada You should… (A2 #11): anda tidak mengajar orang itu, tetapi meletakkan diri di tempatnya. Bahagian pertama sering digugurkan: I'd talk to your manager — “kalau saya jadi awak” sudah difahami.

would tanpa if. Bahagian utama boleh berdiri sendiri apabila syaratnya jelas daripada perbualan atau tiada langsung: It would be nice to have a garden. — “Alangkah baiknya kalau ada taman.” I'd never do that. — “Saya tak akan sekali-kali buat begitu.” Which city would you like to live in? Ini ketidaknyataan yang sama, cuma “kalau” tidak diucapkan. Sebab itulah would begitu kerap kedengaran dalam angan-angan, penilaian dan soalan sopan.

Contoh lain:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Kalaulah saya tahu nombornya, tentu saya telefon dia.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Kalau tidak semahal itu, kami tentu pergi lebih kerap.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Saya tentu lebih gembira kalau saya tinggal lebih dekat dengan tempat kerja.
Would you live abroad if you could? Awak mahu tinggal di luar negara kalau boleh?

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Jika syaratnya tidak nyata, bahagian utama juga tidak nyata: will tidak sesuai dengannya.

Uji diri anda. Apakah maksud If I had a car, I'd drive to work: ada kereta atau tidak? Bagaimana hendak mengatakan “kalau saya jadi awak, saya tak akan risau”? Peluang untuk menang hampir sifar — bagaimana melengkapkan If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

tunjukkan jawapan
tiada kereta — kala lampau selepas if bercakap tentang yang tidak nyata; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (atau I wouldn't worry if I were you); jenis kedua: If I won, I'd buy a house.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

Kala kini selepas if untuk syarat tidak nyata

✗ If I have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

“Kalau saya ada masa” tidak berubah sama ada syaratnya nyata atau tidak, jadi kata kerja Inggeris pun dibiarkan dalam kala kini. Tetapi kala kini selepas if ialah jenis pertama yang nyata, dan ia tidak bergabung dengan would.

2

will dalam bahagian utama

✗ If I had more money, I will travel

✓ If I had more money, I would travel

“Akan” digunakan untuk kedua-duanya, jadi will terasa sebagai terjemahan biasa. Syarat tidak nyata memerlukan would atau could.

3

If I am you

✗ If I am you, I would talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

“Kalau saya jadi awak” mudah diterjemahkan dengan am. Tetapi nasihat ini sendiri tidak nyata, jadi were. If I was you pula bukan kesilapan: dalam perbualan penutur jati berkata begitu, tetapi dalam tulisan If I were you lebih selamat.

4

would sebagai will yang sopan

I would call you tomorrow — sebagai janji kedengaran seperti “saya akan telefon… kalau boleh”: seolah-olah ada syarat tersembunyi. Janji dan rancangan yang pasti — ✓ I'll call you tomorrow. would terasa lebih lembut, tetapi ia membawa makna tidak nyata.

Sebutan

4 min

would dalam ayat penyata menjadi /d/ sahaja: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Apabila didengar, ia dibezakan daripada I learn oleh satu bunyi sahaja, jadi bergantunglah pada if dan kala lampau di sekitarnya: kedua-duanya memberi petunjuk bahawa would akan menyusul.

would penuh — /wʊd/, berima dengan good, huruf l tidak dibaca. Ia penuh dan bertekanan dalam jawapan pendek: Yes, I would. Dalam soalan dan selepas kata nama, tanpa tekanan, ia lemah — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, tanpa vokal antara /d/ dan /n/.

were dalam If I were you tanpa tekanan — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Tekanan jatuh pada you, dan di hujung nasihat suara menurun: begitulah ia kedengaran mesra dan yakin.

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Teks

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

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Latihan

30 min

1. Isian tempat kosong.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Tunjukkan jawapan
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Aneka pilihan.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (memang mungkin)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (tidak tinggal di sana)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (masih sempat)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (tiada taman)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (mungkin dia akan telefon)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (khayalan)
Tunjukkan jawapan
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I am you, I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Tunjukkan jawapan
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Tulis semula sebagai syarat tidak nyata,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Tunjukkan jawapan
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Kembangkan petunjuk menjadi nasihat

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Tunjukkan jawapan
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Jawab dengan ayat lengkap

— tentang diri anda. Jawapan di bawah hanyalah contoh. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Tunjukkan jawapan
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Kalaulah saya ada lebih banyak masa, saya akan belajar bahasa Itali. 2) Kalau saya jadi awak, saya akan bercakap dengan bos awak. 3) Apa yang awak akan buat kalau awak menang loteri? 4) Kalaulah saya tinggal di tepi laut, saya akan berenang setiap hari. 5) Kalaulah saya tahu alamatnya, saya akan menulis kepadanya.

Tunjukkan jawapan
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari

  • ayat bersyarat jenis kedua dalam semua bentuk
  • could sebagai ganti would
  • kala lampau sebagai jarak daripada kenyataan
  • pilihan antara jenis pertama dan kedua
  • were untuk semua subjek
  • nasihat dengan If I were you

Seterusnya — pelajaran 9: rasa kesal dan keinginan.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 81

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

15 perkataan
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ pembaca
  • nurse /nɜːs/ jururawat
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ dengan betul-betul, sepenuhnya
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ pasar
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ pengembaraan
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ sejujurnya
  • mile /maɪl/ batu (ukuran jarak)
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ membosankan
  • safe /seɪf/ terjamin, selamat
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ nasihat
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ kursus malam
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ loteri
  • win /wɪn/ menang
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ sakit gigi
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ memohon (jawatan)

Penulisan

Lima hingga enam ayat: apa yang akan anda lakukan jika tidak perlu bekerja selama setahun, dan satu nasihat kepada kawan dengan If I were you.

Contoh

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

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