Grammatik ~54 min av kärnan kvar

Fantisera

Efter denna lektion kan du

Jag kan berätta om något overkligt eller osannolikt och ge råd med ”om jag var du”.

Starta lektionen Kärna 54 min · steg: 6 · valfritt: +2

Uppgiven tid för kärnan. Två av kärnblocken har ingen siffra alls, så den verkliga lektionen är längre än denna summa.

Grammatik

15 min

I A2 #27 var villkoret verkligt: If it rains, I'll stay at home — regn är fullt möjligt. Men ofta talar vi om det som inte finns: ”hade jag bara tid”, ”om jag bodde vid havet”. För det finns villkorssatser av typ 2.

Formen: if + preteritum, i huvudsatsen would + grundform.

jakande If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
nekande If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
fråga What would you do if you won the lottery?
kort svar Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd är en förkortning av would, samma som i I'd like (A2 #17). Delarna kan byta plats: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Kommatecken behövs bara när if-delen står först. I stället för would kan det stå could — ”skulle kunna”: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Preteritum betyder här inte dåtid. If I had more time handlar om i dag. Preteritumformen flyttar händelsen bort från verkligheten — precis som i det artiga Could you…? (A2 #17). Svenskan gör likadant: ”om jag hade tid” är också preteritum till formen, fast det gäller nu.

När den används.

Om det som inte finns nu: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Jag bor inte vid havet.

Om en framtid som är osannolik eller påhittad: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Att vinna är nästan omöjligt, därför — typ 2.

För råd: If I were you, I'd… — mer om det nedan.

Jämför typ 1 och typ 2. Skillnaden ligger inte i ”om”, utan i hur mycket talaren tror på villkoret:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Chansen är verklig: intervjun gick bra.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Chansen är liten: jag hoppas knappt.

Situationen är densamma, men valet av typ visar hur du bedömer den.

were för alla personer. Efter if har be en särskild form — were även med I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… (jämför svenskans ”om jag vore rik”). I tal säger man ofta också If I was rich — det är också rätt, bara enklare och mindre skriftspråkligt.

Råd: If I were you, I'd… — ”om jag var du skulle jag…”. Här säger infödda talare nästan alltid were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Ett sådant råd är mjukare än You should… (A2 #11): du läxar inte upp den andra, utan sätter dig i hans eller hennes ställe. Ofta utelämnar man den första delen: I'd talk to your manager — ”om jag var du” förstås ändå.

would utan if. Huvudsatsen klarar sig också ensam, när villkoret framgår av samtalet eller inte finns alls: It would be nice to have a garden. — ”Det vore skönt att ha en trädgård.” I'd never do that. — ”Det skulle jag aldrig göra.” Which city would you like to live in? Det är samma overklighet, bara utan att ”om” sägs. Därför hörs would så ofta i drömmar, omdömen och artiga frågor.

Fler exempel:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Om jag visste hennes nummer skulle jag ringa henne.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Om det inte var så dyrt skulle vi gå oftare.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Jag skulle vara lyckligare om jag bodde närmare jobbet.
Would you live abroad if you could? Skulle du bo utomlands om du kunde?

Så säger man inte. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Om villkoret är overkligt är huvudsatsen det också: will passar inte till det.

Testa dig själv. Vad betyder If I had a car, I'd drive to work: finns bilen eller inte? Hur säger man ”om jag var du skulle jag inte oroa mig”? Chansen att vinna är nästan noll — hur avslutar man If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

visa svaren
bilen finns inte — preteritum efter if talar om något overkligt; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (eller I wouldn't worry if I were you); typ 2: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Annons

Vanliga fel hos svensktalande

skriven för ditt språk
1

”Skulle” i båda delarna

”Om jag skulle ha mer tid, skulle jag lära mig italienska” → ✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian. På svenska kan ”skulle” stå även efter ”om”. På engelska står would bara i huvudsatsen; efter if gör preteritum jobbet — som ”hade” i ”om jag hade mer tid”.

2

Omvänd ordföljd i huvudsatsen

”…, skulle jag lära mig italienska” → ✗ If I had more time, would I learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian. Efter if-delen sätter svenskan verbet först, men engelskan behåller subjektet först (A2 #27). Med would I först blir det en fråga. Samma sak i rådet: ✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him.

3

”Skulle kunna” ord för ord

✗ If I had a car, I would can drive to work

✓ If I had a car, I could drive to work

can har ingen grundform och står aldrig efter would. Svenskans ”skulle kunna” är på engelska ett enda ord: could.

4

If I was you

Inget fel: i tal säger infödda talare så. Men i rådet har formen ✓ If I were you satt sig, och i skrift är den säkrare. Svenskans vardagliga ”om jag var du” drar mot was; tänk i stället på ”om jag vore du” — då kommer were av sig självt.

Uttal

4 min

would i jakande sats krymper till /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. På gehör skiljer det sig från I learn med ett enda ljud, så stöd dig på if och preteritum bredvid: de avslöjar att would kommer.

Fullt would — /wʊd/, rimmar på good, bokstaven l uttalas inte. Fullt och betonat är det i ett kort svar: Yes, I would. I en fråga och efter ett substantiv, obetonat, är det svagt — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, utan vokal mellan /d/ och /n/.

were i If I were you är obetonat — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Betoningen ligger på you, och i slutet av rådet går rösten ner: så låter det vänligt och säkert.

Annons

Text

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Läs högt

Övningar

30 min

1. Ifyllning.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Visa svaren
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Flerval.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (fullt möjligt)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (jag bor inte där)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (det går att hinna)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (jag har ingen trädgård)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (hon ringer nog)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantasi)
Visa svaren
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Felrättning.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I were you, would I talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Visa svaren
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Skriv om som ett overkligt villkor

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Visa svaren
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Bygg ut ledtråden till ett råd

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Visa svaren
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Svara med hela meningar

— om dig själv. Svaren nedan är en förebild. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Visa svaren
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Översätt till engelska.

1) Om jag hade mer tid skulle jag lära mig italienska. 2) Om jag var du skulle jag prata med din chef. 3) Vad skulle du göra om du vann på lotteriet? 4) Om jag bodde vid havet skulle jag simma varje dag. 5) Om jag visste hennes adress skulle jag skriva till henne.

Visa svaren
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Annons

Sammanfattning

Genomgånget

  • villkorssatser av typ 2 i alla former
  • could i stället för would
  • preteritum som avstånd från verkligheten
  • valet mellan typ 1 och typ 2
  • were för alla personer
  • råd med If I were you

Nästa steg — lektion 9: att beklaga och att önska.

Slut på kärnan

Lektionen räknas som klar när övningarna är klara. Allt efter detta är valfritt.

Lektion 81

valfritt

Ord till kortleken

15 ord
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ läsare
  • nurse /nɜːs/ sjuksköterska
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ ordentligt, på riktigt
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ marknad, torg
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ äventyr
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ ärligt talat
  • mile /maɪl/ engelsk mil (1,6 km)
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ tråkig
  • safe /seɪf/ trygg, säker
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ råd
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ kvällskurs
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lotteri
  • win /wɪn/ vinna
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ tandvärk
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ söka (jobb, plats)

Skrivuppgift

Fem–sex meningar: vad du skulle göra om du inte behövde arbeta på ett år, och ett råd till en vän med If I were you.

Förebild

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Checklista

Utkastet sparas på den här enheten
Annons

Öva denna lektion i de andra avsnitten

Diktamenbaserat på denna lektion Skriv ner det du hör. Kontrollen visar varje ord som skiljer sig och hur. Skriv diktamen Läs högtbaserat på denna lektion Läs lektionstexten högt – taligenkänning markerar orden den inte uppfattade. Läs texten högt Läsning och lyssningA1–C1 Texter på alla nivåer med förståelsefrågor; transkriptet öppnas efter att du svarat. Prova

Har du en idé på en funktion?

Skicka idé
Annons
Annons