Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Magpantasya

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong magkuwento tungkol sa hindi totoo o malabong mangyari, at magpayo gamit ang “kung ako sa iyo”.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Sa A2 #27, totoong posible ang kondisyon: If it rains, I'll stay at home — posibleng-posible ang ulan. Pero madalas, pinag-uusapan natin ang wala: “kung may oras lang ako”, “kung nakatira sana ako sa tabing-dagat”. Para dito, may ikalawang uri ng conditional sentence — ang second conditional.

Anyo: if + pangnagdaan, at sa pangunahing bahagi — would + batayang anyo.

paturol If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
negatibo If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
tanong What would you do if you won the lottery?
maikling sagot Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

Ang 'd ay pinaikling would, gaya ng sa I'd like (A2 #17). Puwedeng pagpalitin ang dalawang bahagi: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Kailangan lang ang kuwit kapag nauuna ang bahaging may if. Sa halip na would, puwede ring could — “magagawa ko sana”: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Hindi nakaraan ang ibig sabihin ng pangnagdaan dito. Tungkol sa araw na ito ang If I had more time. Inilalayo ng anyong pangnagdaan ang pangyayari sa katotohanan — gaya ng sa magalang na Could you…? (A2 #17). Sa Tagalog, hindi panahunan ang gumagawa nito, kundi mga salitang gaya ng “sana” at “lang”: “kung may oras lang sana ako” — walang nagbabago sa anyo, pero malinaw na hindi ito totoo ngayon. Sa Ingles, ang panahunan mismo ang nagdadala ng kahulugang iyon.

Kailan ginagamit.

Tungkol sa wala ngayon: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Hindi ako nakatira sa tabing-dagat.

Tungkol sa hinaharap na malabong mangyari o gawa-gawa lang: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Halos imposibleng manalo, kaya ikalawang uri.

Para sa payo: If I were you, I'd… — tingnan sa ibaba.

Paghambingin ang una at ikalawang uri. Wala sa “kung” ang pagkakaiba, kundi sa kung gaano naniniwala ang nagsasalita sa kondisyon:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Totoong pagkakataon: naging maayos ang interbyu.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Maliit ang pagkakataon: halos hindi na ako umaasa.

Iisa ang sitwasyon, pero sinasabi ng pagpili ng uri kung paano ninyo ito tinitingnan.

were para sa lahat ng panauhan. Pagkatapos ng if, may espesyal na anyo ang be — were, kahit kasama ng I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… Sa usapan, madalas ding sabihin ang If I was rich — tama rin ito, mas simple lang at hindi gaanong pormal.

Payo: If I were you, I'd… — “kung ako sa iyo, …”. Dito, halos laging were ang sinasabi ng mga katutubong nagsasalita: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Mas malambot ang ganitong payo kaysa sa You should… (A2 #11): hindi ninyo tinuturuan ang tao, kundi inilalagay ninyo ang sarili sa kanyang kalagayan. Madalas, inaalis ang unang bahagi: I'd talk to your manager — malinaw na kahit walang “kung ako sa iyo”.

would nang walang if. Kaya ring tumayo nang mag-isa ng pangunahing bahagi, kapag malinaw ang kondisyon mula sa usapan o wala talagang kondisyon: It would be nice to have a garden. — “Ang ganda sanang magkaroon ng hardin.” I'd never do that. — “Hindi ko iyon gagawin kailanman.” Which city would you like to live in? Ito rin ang di-katotohanan, hindi lang binigkas ang “kung”. Kaya madalas marinig ang would sa mga pangarap, paghuhusga at magalang na tanong.

Iba pang halimbawa:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Kung alam ko lang ang numero niya, tatawagan ko sana siya.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Kung hindi lang ito ganoon kamahal, mas madalas sana kaming pumunta.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Mas masaya sana ako kung hindi ako nakatira nang ganito kalayo sa trabaho.
Would you live abroad if you could? Titira ka ba sa ibang bansa kung kaya mo?

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Kung hindi totoo ang kondisyon, hindi rin totoo ang pangunahing bahagi: hindi bagay dito ang will.

Subukin ang sarili. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng If I had a car, I'd drive to work: may kotse ba o wala? Paano sasabihin ang “Kung ako sa iyo, hindi ako mag-aalala”? Halos zero ang tsansang manalo — paano tatapusin ang If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

ipakita ang mga sagot
walang kotse — sinasabi ng pangnagdaan pagkatapos ng if na hindi ito totoo; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (o I wouldn't worry if I were you); ikalawang uri: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Kasalukuyan pagkatapos ng if sa kondisyong hindi totoo

✗ If I have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

Walang nagbabago sa “Kung may oras lang ako”, kaya nananatili sa kasalukuyan ang pandiwang Ingles. Pero ang kasalukuyan pagkatapos ng if ay unang uri, ang totoong posible, at hindi ito bagay sa would.

2

will sa pangunahing bahagi

✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

Nasa anyong magaganap ang pandiwa sa “mag-aaral sana ako”, kaya will ang unang naiisip. Pero ang “sana” ang mahalaga rito, at would ang katapat nito.

3

would sa dalawang bahagi

✗ If I would have more money, I would travel

✓ If I had more money, I would travel

Puwedeng nasa dalawang bahagi ang “sana” (“Kung may pera sana ako, maglalakbay sana ako”), kaya natutuksong ilagay din ang would pagkatapos ng if. Sa Ingles, sa pangunahing bahagi lang ang would.

4

“Kung ako ikaw” nang salita-sa-salita

✗ If I am you, I would talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

Walang pandiwa ang “Kung ako ikaw”, kaya am ang idinadagdag. Pero hindi kayo maaaring maging ibang tao — iyan mismo ang kondisyong hindi totoo. Tandaan ang If I were you bilang buong pormula.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Umiikli ang would sa paturol hanggang /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Isang tunog lang ang nagpapaiba rito sa I learn kapag pinakinggan, kaya umasa sa if at sa pangnagdaang katabi nito: sinasabi nilang would ang kasunod.

Buong would — /wʊd/, katugma ng good; hindi binibigkas ang titik na l. Buo at may diin ito sa maikling sagot: Yes, I would. Sa tanong at pagkatapos ng pangngalan, kapag walang diin, mahina ito — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, walang patinig sa pagitan ng /d/ at /n/.

Walang diin ang were sa If I were you — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Nasa you ang diin, at bumababa ang boses sa dulo ng payo: kaya palakaibigan at may tiwala ang dating nito.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Ipakita ang mga sagot
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Pagpili.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (posibleng-posible)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (hindi ako nakatira roon)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (aabot pa)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (walang hardin)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (malamang na tatawag siya)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (pantasya lang)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I am you, I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Isulat muli bilang kondisyong hindi totoo,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Palawakin ang pahiwatig upang maging payo

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong sarili. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Kung may mas maraming oras lang ako, mag-aaral sana ako ng Italyano. 2) Kung ako sa iyo, kakausapin ko ang manager mo. 3) Ano ang gagawin mo kung manalo ka sa lotto? 4) Kung nakatira lang ako sa tabing-dagat, lalangoy sana ako araw-araw. 5) Kung alam ko lang ang address niya, susulatan ko sana siya.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay

  • ang second conditional sa lahat ng anyo nito
  • could sa halip na would
  • ang pangnagdaan bilang paglayo sa katotohanan
  • ang pagpili sa pagitan ng una at ikalawang uri
  • were para sa lahat ng panauhan
  • at ang payo gamit ang If I were you

Susunod — aralin 9: panghihinayang at hiling.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 81

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

15 salita
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ mambabasa
  • nurse /nɜːs/ nars
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ nang maayos, nang lubusan
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ palengke
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ pakikipagsapalaran
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ sa totoo lang
  • mile /maɪl/ milya
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ nakakabagot, nakakainip
  • safe /seɪf/ sigurado, maaasahan
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ payo
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ panggabing kurso
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lotto, loterya
  • win /wɪn/ manalo
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ sakit ng ngipin
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ mag-apply para sa

Pagsulat

Lima o anim na pangungusap: ano ang gagawin ninyo kung hindi ninyo kailangang magtrabaho nang isang taon, at isang payo sa kaibigan gamit ang If I were you.

Halimbawa

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Checklist

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Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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