Gramatika ~54 min no pamata palicis

Pafantazēt

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu pastāstīt par nereālo vai maz ticamo un dot padomu ar „tavā vietā”.

Sākt mācību Kodols 54 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

15 min

A2 #27 nosacījums bija reāls: If it rains, I'll stay at home — lietus ir pilnīgi iespējams. Bet bieži mēs runājam par to, kā nav: „ja man būtu laiks”, „ja es dzīvotu pie jūras”. Tam ir otrā tipa nosacījuma teikumi.

Forma: if + pagātne, galvenajā daļā would + pamatforma.

apgalvojums If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
noliegums If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
jautājums What would you do if you won the lottery?
īsā atbilde Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd ir would saīsinājums, tas pats, kas I'd like (A2 #17). Daļas var samainīt vietām: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Komats vajadzīgs tikai tad, kad if daļa ir pirmā. would vietā mēdz būt could — „varētu”: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Pagātne šeit nenozīmē pagātni. If I had more time — par šodienu. Pagātnes forma attālina notikumu no realitātes — tāpat kā pieklājīgajā Could you…? (A2 #17). Latviski šo darbu dara vēlējuma izteiksme: „ja man būtu laiks” — arī par tagadni. Tikai latviešu valodā tai ir sava forma ar „-tu”, bet angļu valodā šo lomu spēlē pagātne.

Kad lieto.

Par to, kā tagad nav: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Es nedzīvoju pie jūras.

Par nākotni, kas ir maz ticama vai izdomāta: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Laimēt ir gandrīz neiespējami, tāpēc — otrais tips.

Padomam: If I were you, I'd… — par to zemāk.

Salīdziniet pirmo un otro tipu. Atšķirība nav vārdā „ja”, bet tajā, cik runātājs tic nosacījumam:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Iespēja reāla: darba intervija izdevās labi.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Iespēja maza: es gandrīz neceru.

Situācija viena, bet tipa izvēle pasaka, kā jūs to vērtējat.

were visām personām. Pēc if darbības vārdam be ir īpaša forma — were pat ar I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… Sarunā bieži saka arī If I was rich — tas arī ir pareizi, tikai vienkāršāk un mazāk grāmatnieciski.

Padoms: If I were you, I'd… — „tavā vietā es…”. Šeit dzimtās valodas runātāji gandrīz vienmēr saka were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Šāds padoms ir maigāks nekā You should… (A2 #11): jūs nemācāt cilvēku, bet nostādāt sevi viņa vietā. Bieži pirmo daļu izlaiž: I'd talk to your manager — „tavā vietā” ir saprotams tāpat.

would bez if. Galvenā daļa dzīvo arī viena, kad nosacījums ir saprotams no sarunas vai tā nav vispār: It would be nice to have a garden. — „Būtu jauki, ja būtu dārzs”. I'd never do that. — „Es nekad tā nedarītu”. Which city would you like to live in? Tas ir tas pats nereālais, tikai „ja” nav izrunāts. Tāpēc would tik bieži dzirdams sapņos, vērtējumos un pieklājīgos jautājumos.

Vēl piemēri:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Ja es zinātu viņas numuru, es piezvanītu.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Ja tas nebūtu tik dārgi, mēs ietu biežāk.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Es būtu laimīgāks, ja nedzīvotu tik tālu no darba.
Would you live abroad if you could? Vai tu dzīvotu ārzemēs, ja varētu?

Tā nesaka. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Ja nosacījums ir nereāls, nereāla ir arī galvenā daļa: will tam neder.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Ko nozīmē If I had a car, I'd drive to work: mašīna ir vai nav? Kā pateikt „tavā vietā es neuztrauktos”? Iespēja laimēt ir gandrīz nulle — kā pabeigt If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

rādīt atbildes
mašīnas nav — pagātne pēc if runā par nereālo; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (vai I wouldn't worry if I were you); otrais tips: If I won, I'd buy a house.
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Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

would arī pēc if

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

Latviski vēlējuma izteiksme stāv abās daļās: „ja man būtu laiks, es mācītos”. would šķiet tās tiešais tulkojums, tāpēc to gribas likt arī aiz if. Angliski would ir tikai galvenajā daļā, aiz if tā darbu dara pagātne. Latviešu „būtu” nav pagātnes forma, tāpēc pagātne šeit jāatceras atsevišķi; ar tagadni (✗ If I have more time, I would…) iznāk pirmais, reālais tips, un ar would tas nesader.

2

„Ja es būtu tu”

✗ If I would be you, I'd talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

Tā pati vēlējuma izteiksme („ja es būtu tu”, „es tavā vietā”) pamudina uz would be. Aiz if — were, un padoma formula vienmēr ir tā pati: If I were you. Burtiskais In your place I'd talk to him nav kļūda, bet angliski tā saka daudz retāk.

3

Komats pirms if

✗ I'd learn Italian, if I had more time

✓ I'd learn Italian if I had more time

Latviski palīgteikumu vienmēr atdala ar komatu („es mācītos itāļu valodu, ja man būtu laiks”), angliski — tikai tad, kad if daļa ir pirmā (A2 #27).

Izruna

4 min

would apgalvojumā saraujas līdz /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Dzirdot no I learn to atšķir viena skaņa, tāpēc balstieties uz if un pagātni blakus: tie norāda, ka tālāk būs would.

Pilnais would — /wʊd/, rimējas ar good, burtu l neizrunā. Pilns un uzsvērts tas ir īsajā atbildē: Yes, I would. Jautājumā un pēc lietvārda, bez uzsvara, tas ir vājš — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, bez patskaņa starp /d/ un /n/.

were frāzē If I were you ir neuzsvērts — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Uzsvars krīt uz you, un padoma beigās balss nolaižas: tā tas skan draudzīgi un pārliecinoši.

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Teksts

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Ievietošana.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Rādīt atbildes
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Izvēle.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (pilnīgi iespējams)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (nedzīvoju)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (var paspēt)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (dārza nav)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (droši vien piezvanīs)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantāzija)
Rādīt atbildes
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I would be you, I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Rādīt atbildes
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Pārrakstiet kā nereālu nosacījumu,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Rādīt atbildes
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Izvērsiet norādi padomā

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Rādīt atbildes
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Atbildiet pilnos teikumos

— par sevi. Atbildes zemāk ir paraugs. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Rādīt atbildes
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Ja man būtu vairāk laika, es mācītos itāļu valodu. 2) Tavā vietā es parunātu ar priekšnieku. 3) Ko tu darītu, ja laimētu loterijā? 4) Ja es dzīvotu pie jūras, es peldētu katru dienu. 5) Ja es zinātu viņas adresi, es viņai uzrakstītu.

Rādīt atbildes
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
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Kopsavilkums

Apgūts

  • otrā tipa nosacījuma teikumi visās formās
  • could would vietā
  • pagātne kā attālums no realitātes
  • izvēle starp pirmo un otro tipu
  • were visām personām
  • padoms ar If I were you

Tālāk — 9. nodarbība: nožēla un vēlēšanās.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 81

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

15 vārdi
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ lasītājs
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medmāsa, medbrālis
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ kā nākas, pamatīgi
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ tirgus
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ piedzīvojums
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ godīgi sakot
  • mile /maɪl/ jūdze
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ garlaicīgs
  • safe /seɪf/ drošs, stabils
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ padoms
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ vakara kursi
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ loterija
  • win /wɪn/ laimēt, uzvarēt
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ zobu sāpes
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ pieteikties (uz)

Rakstīšana

Pieci seši teikumi: ko jūs darītu, ja gadu nevajadzētu strādāt, un viens padoms draugam ar If I were you.

Paraugs

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Praktizē šo nodarbību citās sadaļās

Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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