Grammatikk ~54 min av kjernen gjenstår

Fantasere

Etter denne leksjonen kan du

Jeg kan snakke om noe uvirkelig eller lite sannsynlig og gi råd med «hvis jeg var deg».

Start leksjonen Kjerne 54 min · trinn: 6 · valgfritt: +2

Oppgitt kjernetid. To av kjerneblokkene har ingen tidsangivelse, så den reelle leksjonen er lengre enn summen.

Grammatikk

15 min

I A2 #27 var betingelsen virkelig: If it rains, I'll stay at home — regn er fullt mulig. Men ofte snakker vi om det som ikke er slik: «om jeg bare hadde tid», «hvis jeg bodde ved havet». Til dette finnes andre type betingelsessetninger.

Formen: if + fortid, i hovedsetningen would + grunnform.

bekreftende If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
nektende If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
spørsmål What would you do if you won the lottery?
kort svar Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd er en forkortelse av would, den samme som i I'd like (A2 #17). Delene kan bytte plass: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Komma trengs bare når if-delen står først. I stedet for would står det noen ganger could — «kunne»: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Fortid betyr her ikke fortid. If I had more time handler om i dag. Fortidsformen flytter hendelsen bort fra virkeligheten — på samme måte som i det høflige Could you…? (A2 #17). Norsk gjør det samme: «hvis jeg hadde mer tid» står også i preteritum, selv om det handler om nå.

Når den brukes.

Om det som ikke er slik nå: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Jeg bor ikke ved havet.

Om en framtid som er lite sannsynlig eller oppdiktet: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Å vinne er nesten umulig, derfor — andre type.

Til råd: If I were you, I'd… — mer om det nedenfor.

Sammenlign første og andre type. Forskjellen ligger ikke i «hvis», men i hvor mye den som snakker, tror på betingelsen:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Sjansen er reell: intervjuet gikk bra.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Sjansen er liten: jeg har nesten ikke håp.

Situasjonen er den samme, men valget av type forteller hvordan du vurderer den.

were for alle personer. Etter if har be en egen form — were også med I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… I tale sier man også ofte If I was rich — det er også riktig, bare enklere og mindre formelt.

Råd: If I were you, I'd… — «hvis jeg var deg, ville jeg …». Her sier engelsktalende nesten alltid were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Et slikt råd er mildere enn You should… (A2 #11): du belærer ikke den andre, men setter deg i hans sted. Ofte sløyfer man den første delen: I'd talk to your manager — «hvis jeg var deg» skjønner man uansett.

would uten if. Hovedsetningen kan også stå alene, når betingelsen går fram av samtalen eller ikke finnes i det hele tatt: It would be nice to have a garden. — «Det hadde vært fint med en hage». I'd never do that. — «Det ville jeg aldri gjort». Which city would you like to live in? Det er den samme uvirkeligheten, bare uten at «hvis» blir sagt. Derfor hører man would så ofte i drømmer, vurderinger og høflige spørsmål.

Flere eksempler:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Hvis jeg visste nummeret hennes, ville jeg ringt henne.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Hvis det ikke var så dyrt, ville vi gått oftere.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Jeg ville vært lykkeligere hvis jeg bodde nærmere jobben.
Would you live abroad if you could? Ville du bodd i utlandet hvis du kunne?

Slik sier man ikke. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Er betingelsen uvirkelig, er hovedsetningen det også: will passer ikke til den.

Test deg selv. Hva betyr If I had a car, I'd drive to work: har personen bil eller ikke? Hvordan sier man «hvis jeg var deg, ville jeg ikke bekymret meg»? Sjansen for å vinne er nesten null — hvordan fullfører du If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

vis svarene
ingen bil — fortid etter if forteller om noe uvirkelig; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (eller I wouldn't worry if I were you); andre type: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Annonse

Typiske feil hos norsktalende

skrevet for ditt språk
1

«Hvis jeg skulle …» med would

«Hvis jeg skulle vinne i lotto, ville jeg kjøpt et hus» → ✗ If I would win the lottery, I would buy a house → ✓ If I won the lottery, I would buy a house. Norsk kan ha «skulle» etter «hvis», og da er det lett å sette would også etter if. På engelsk står would bare i hovedsetningen; etter if gjør fortiden jobben — som «hadde» i «hvis jeg hadde mer tid».

2

Verbet foran subjektet etter if-delen

«…, ville jeg lært italiensk» → ✗ If I had more time, would I learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian. Norsk setter verbet på andreplass også etter en leddsetning, men på engelsk kommer subjektet først (A2 #27); med would I først høres delen ut som et spørsmål. Det samme gjelder rådet: ✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him, ikke would I.

3

If I was you

Ikke feil: i tale sier engelsktalende det også. Men i et råd har formen ✓ If I were you satt seg fast, og i skrift er den sikrest. Norsk har «var» i alle personer, og ved siden av I was virker I were galt — derfor er det lettest å lære were som en del av den faste formelen.

Uttale

4 min

would i en bekreftende setning krymper til /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Når du lytter, er det bare én lyd som skiller den fra I learn, så støtt deg på if og fortiden ved siden av: de varsler at would kommer.

Fullt would — /wʊd/, rimer på good, bokstaven l uttales ikke. Fullt og trykksterkt er det i et kort svar: Yes, I would. I spørsmål og etter et substantiv, uten trykk, er det svakt — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, uten vokal mellom /d/ og /n/.

were i If I were you er trykksvak — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Trykket faller på you, og på slutten av rådet går stemmen ned: da høres det vennlig og trygt ut.

Annonse

Tekst

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Høytlesing

Øvelser

30 min

1. Utfylling.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Vis svarene
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Valg.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (fullt mulig)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (bor ikke der)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (det går an å rekke den)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (har ingen hage)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (hun ringer nok)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantasi)
Vis svarene
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Feilretting.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I were you, would I talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Vis svarene
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Skriv om til en uvirkelig betingelse,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Vis svarene
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Bygg ut stikkordene til et råd

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Vis svarene
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Svar med hele setninger

— om deg selv. Svarene nedenfor er et eksempel. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Vis svarene
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Oversett til engelsk.

1) Hvis jeg hadde mer tid, ville jeg lært italiensk. 2) I ditt sted ville jeg snakket med sjefen din. 3) Hva ville du gjort hvis du vant i lotteriet? 4) Hvis jeg bodde ved havet, ville jeg svømt hver dag. 5) Hvis jeg visste adressen hennes, ville jeg skrevet til henne.

Vis svarene
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Annonse

Oppsummering

Gjennomgått

  • andre type betingelsessetninger i alle former
  • could i stedet for would
  • fortid som avstand fra virkeligheten
  • valget mellom første og andre type
  • were for alle personer
  • råd med If I were you

Neste: leksjon 9 — beklagelse og ønsker.

Slutt på kjernen

Leksjonen regnes som fullført når øvelsene er gjort. Alt etter dette er valgfritt.

Leksjon 81

valgfritt

Ord til kortstokken

15 ord
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ leser
  • nurse /nɜːs/ sykepleier
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ ordentlig, skikkelig
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ marked, torg
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ eventyr
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ ærlig talt
  • mile /maɪl/ engelsk mile (1,6 km)
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ kjedelig
  • safe /seɪf/ trygg, sikker
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ råd
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ kveldskurs
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lotteri
  • win /wɪn/ vinne
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ tannpine
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ søke på (en jobb, en plass)

Skriving

Fem–seks setninger: hva du ville gjort hvis du slapp å jobbe i et år, og ett råd til en venn med If I were you.

Eksempel

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

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