文法 コアの残り ~54分

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このレッスンでできるようになること

現実でないことや、まず起こりそうにないことについて話し、「私があなたなら」を使って助言することができる。

レッスンを始める コア 54分 · 手順: 6 · 任意: +2

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文法

15分

A2の第27課では、条件は現実的なものでした:If it rains, I'll stay at home — 雨は十分ありえます。でも私たちは、今そうではないことについてもよく話します:「時間があったらなあ」「海のそばに住んでいたら」。そのために第2条件文があります。

形:if + 過去形、主節は would + 原形。

肯定文 If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
否定文 If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
疑問文 What would you do if you won the lottery?
短い答え Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd は would の短縮形で、I'd like(A2の第17課)と同じものです。2つの部分は入れかえられます: I'd learn Italian if I had more time。コンマが必要なのは、if の部分が先に来るときだけです。 would の代わりに could「〜できるだろう」が来ることもあります:If I had a car, I could drive to work.

ここでの過去形は過去を表しません。 If I had more time は今日のことです。過去形は、出来事を現実から遠ざけます — 丁寧な Could you…?(A2の第17課)と同じです。日本語でも「もし今、時間があったら」と、今のことなのに「た」の形を使えます。学校でこの形を「仮定法過去」と呼ぶのも、意味は今でも形が過去だからです。

いつ使うか。

今そうではないことについて:If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. 私は海のそばに住んでいない。

まず起こりそうにない未来や、作り話の未来について:What would you do if you won a million pounds? 当たることはほぼありえないので、第2条件文です。

助言のために:If I were you, I'd… — これについては下で。

第1条件文と第2条件文を比べましょう。 違いは「もし」にあるのではなく、話し手がその条件をどのくらい信じているかにあります:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. 可能性は十分ある:面接はうまくいった。
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. 可能性は小さい:ほとんど期待していない。

場面は同じでも、どちらの型を選ぶかで、その場面をどう見ているかが伝わります。

どの人称でも were。 if のあとでは、be に特別な形があります — I、he、she でも were: If I were rich…、If she were here… 会話では If I was rich もよく言い、これも正しいのですが、より気楽で、書き言葉らしさが少なくなります。

助言:If I were you, I'd… — 「私があなたなら〜するだろう」。ここではネイティブはほとんどいつも were と言います:If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. このような助言は You should…(A2の第11課)よりやわらかく聞こえます:相手に教えるのではなく、自分を相手の立場に置くからです。前半はよく省略されます:I'd talk to your manager — 「私があなたなら」はそれだけでわかります。

if のない would。 条件が会話からわかるときや、条件がそもそもないときは、主節だけでも使えます: It would be nice to have a garden. — 「庭があったらいいだろうな」。I'd never do that. — 「私なら絶対にそんなことはしない」。Which city would you like to live in? これも同じ現実でない形で、「もし〜なら」を口に出していないだけです。だから would は、夢や評価や丁寧な質問でよく聞こえます。

ほかの例:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. 彼女の番号を知っていたら、電話するのに。
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. こんなに高くなければ、もっとよく行くのに。
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. 職場からこんなに遠くに住んでいなければ、もっと幸せなのに。
Would you live abroad if you could? できるとしたら、外国に住みますか。

こうは言いません。 ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian。条件が現実でなければ、主節も現実でない形になります:will は合いません。

確かめてみましょう。 If I had a car, I'd drive to work は、車があるという意味ですか、ないという意味ですか。「私があなたなら、心配しないけどね」は英語でどう言いますか。当たる可能性がほぼゼロのとき、 If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house をどう完成させますか。

解答を表示
車はない — if のあとの過去形は現実でないことを表す; If I were you, I wouldn't worry(または I wouldn't worry if I were you); 第2条件文:If I won, I'd buy a house.
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日本語話者の誤り

あなたの言語向けに作成
1

主節に will や can。

✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian、 ✗ If I had a car, I can drive to work → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian、 ✓ If I had a car, I could drive to work。「習うのに」「通勤できるのに」は今の形なので、英語でも will や can のままにしがちです。でも現実でない条件には、主節も would、could が必要です。

2

if のあとを現在形にする。

✗ If I have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

。「時間があれば」には過去の形がないので、現在形を選びがちです。でも if のあとの現在形は第1条件文、つまり現実の条件で、would とは組み合わせません。

3

「私があなたなら」をそのまま訳す。

✗ If I am you, I'll talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

。「なら」は時制を示さないので、am と will がそのまま出てきます。でも自分が相手になることはありえないので、これは第2条件文です。決まった言い方として覚えましょう。

発音

4分

肯定文の would は /d/ に縮まります: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/。聞いたとき I learn との違いは 1つの音だけなので、近くにある if と過去形を手がかりにしましょう:それがあれば、次は would です。

短縮しない would は /wʊd/ で、good と韻を踏み、l の字は読みません。 短縮せず強勢を置くのは、短い答えのときです:Yes, I would。疑問文や名詞のあとでは強勢がなく、弱い /wəd/ になります:What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/。wouldn't は /ˈwʊdnt/ で、「ウドゥント」のように /d/ と /n/ のあいだに母音を入れません。

If I were you の were は強勢がなく /wə/ です: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/。強勢は you に置き、助言の最後で声を下げます:そうすると親しみがあって、自信のある言い方に聞こえます。

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テキスト

5分

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

音読

練習問題

30分

1. 穴埋め。

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
解答を表示
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. 選択。

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (十分ありうる)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (住んでいない)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (間に合う可能性がある)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (庭はない)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (たぶん電話してくる)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (空想)
解答を表示
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. 誤り訂正。

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I am you, I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
解答を表示
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. If で始めて、現実でない条件に書きかえる:

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
解答を表示
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. ヒントを広げて、If I were you を使った助言にする。

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
解答を表示
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. 完全な文で答える。

自分について答えます。下の答えは一例です。 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

解答を表示
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. 英語に訳す。

1) もっと時間があったら、イタリア語を習うのに。 2) 私があなたなら、上司と話してみるけどね。 3) もし宝くじに当たったとしたら、何をする? 4) 海のそばに住んでいたら、毎日泳ぐのに。 5) 彼女の住所を知っていたら、手紙を書くのに。

解答を表示
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
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まとめ

この課で学んだこと:第2条件文のすべての形、would の代わりの could、現実から距離をとる過去形、第1条件文と第2条件文の選び方、どの人称でも使える were、If I were you を使った助言。次は第9課:残念な気持ちと願い。

コアの終了

演習を完了するとレッスンが完了とみなされます。以降はすべて任意です。

レッスン 81

任意

単語カード用の語彙

15語
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ 読者
  • nurse /nɜːs/ 看護師
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ きちんと、ちゃんと
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ 市場、マーケット
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ 冒険
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ 正直に言うと
  • mile /maɪl/ マイル
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ 退屈な、つまらない
  • safe /seɪf/ 安定した、安心できる
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ 助言、アドバイス
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ 夜間講座
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ 宝くじ
  • win /wɪn/ 勝つ、(賞などを)当てる
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ 歯痛
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ 〜に応募する

ライティング

5〜6の文を書いてください:1年間働かなくてよかったら何をするかと、If I were you を使った友だちへの助言を1つ。

例: If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

チェックリスト:if のあとは過去形で、would がありませんか。主節は would か could ですか。助言は If I were you ですか。if の部分が先にあるとき、そのあとにコンマがありますか。

下書きはこの端末に保存されます
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