Slovnica ~54 min jedra še preostane

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Po tej lekciji znate

Znam govoriti o neresničnem ali malo verjetnem in dati nasvet z „na tvojem mestu“.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 54 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

15 min

V A2 #27 je bil pogoj resničen: If it rains, I'll stay at home — dež je povsem mogoč. Pogosto pa govorimo o tem, česar ni: „ko bi imel čas“, „če bi živel ob morju“. Za to so pogojne povedi drugega tipa.

Oblika: if + preteklik, v glavnem delu would + nedoločnik.

trdilna poved If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
nikalna poved If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
vprašanje What would you do if you won the lottery?
kratki odgovor Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd je skrajšano would, isto kot v I'd like (A2 #17). Dela lahko zamenjata mesti: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Vejica je potrebna samo, kadar del z if stoji na začetku. Namesto would je lahko could — „bi lahko“: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Preteklik tu ne pomeni preteklosti. If I had more time govori o današnjem dnevu. Pretekla oblika odmakne dogodek od resničnosti — tako kot v vljudnem Could you…? (A2 #17). V slovenščini je podobno: v „če bi imel čas“ je „imel“ ista oblika kot v pretekliku („sem imel“), čeprav govorimo o zdaj.

Kdaj ga uporabljamo.

O tem, česar zdaj ni: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Ob morju ne živim.

O prihodnosti, ki je malo verjetna ali izmišljena: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Zmagati je skoraj nemogoče, zato — drugi tip.

Za nasvet: If I were you, I'd… — o tem spodaj.

Primerjaj prvi in drugi tip. Razlika ni v „če“, ampak v tem, koliko govorec verjame v pogoj:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Možnost je resnična: razgovor je šel dobro.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Možnost je majhna: skoraj ne upam.

Položaj je isti, izbira tipa pa pove, kako ga ocenjuješ.

were za vse osebe. Za if ima be posebno obliko — were tudi z I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… V pogovoru pogosto rečejo tudi If I was rich — tudi to je pravilno, le preprostejše in manj knjižno.

Nasvet: If I were you, I'd… — „na tvojem mestu bi…“. Tu govorci skoraj vedno rečejo were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Tak nasvet je mehkejši od You should… (A2 #11): človeka ne poučuješ, ampak se postaviš na njegovo mesto. Pogosto prvi del izpustimo: I'd talk to your manager — „na tvojem mestu“ je razumljivo že tako.

would brez if. Glavni del živi tudi sam, kadar je pogoj jasen iz pogovora ali ga sploh ni: It would be nice to have a garden. — „Lepo bi bilo imeti vrt.“ I'd never do that. — „Tega ne bi nikoli naredil.“ Which city would you like to live in? To je ista neresničnost, le „če bi“ ni izrečeno. Zato would tako pogosto slišimo v sanjah, ocenah in vljudnih vprašanjih.

Še primeri:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Ko bi vedel njeno številko, bi jo poklical.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Ko ne bi bilo tako drago, bi hodili pogosteje.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Bil bi srečnejši, če bi živel bližje službi.
Would you live abroad if you could? Bi živel v tujini, če bi lahko?

Tako se ne reče. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Če je pogoj neresničen, je neresničen tudi glavni del: will k njemu ne sodi.

Preveri se. Kaj pomeni If I had a car, I'd drive to work: avto ima ali ne? Kako rečeš „na tvojem mestu ne bi skrbel“? Možnost zmage je skoraj nič — kako dokončaš If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

prikaži odgovore
avta nima — preteklik za if govori o neresničnem; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (ali I wouldn't worry if I were you); drugi tip: If I won, I'd buy a house.
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Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

would v obeh delih

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

Slovenski pogojnik ima „bi“ v obeh delih („če bi imel več časa, bi se učil italijanščine“), zato would zaide tudi za if. V angleščini would stoji samo v glavnem delu; za if njegovo vlogo opravi preteklik. Tudi „ko bi“ se tu prevede z if, ne z when.

2

„Na tvojem mestu“ dobesedno

✗ On your place I would talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

Slovensko zvezo bi radi prevedli besedo za besedo, a on your place se v angleščini ne reče. Obstaja in your position, običajna formula nasveta pa je If I were you.

3

Vejica pred if

✗ I'd learn Italian, if I had more time

✓ I'd learn Italian if I had more time

V slovenščini vejica pred „če“ stoji vedno. V angleščini jo pišemo samo, kadar je del z if na začetku (kot v A2 #27).

Izgovorjava

4 min

would se v trdilni povedi skrči v /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Na posluh ga od I learn loči en sam glas, zato se opri na if in preteklik v bližini: napovedujeta, da bo sledil would.

Polni would — /wʊd/, rima se z good, črke l ne izgovorimo. Poln in naglašen je v kratkem odgovoru: Yes, I would. V vprašanju in za samostalnikom, brez naglasa, je šibek — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, brez samoglasnika med /d/ in /n/.

were v If I were you je nenaglašen — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Naglas pade na you, na koncu nasveta pa glas pade: tako zveni prijateljsko in samozavestno.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Prikaži odgovore
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Izbira.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (povsem mogoče)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (ne živim tam)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (lahko ga še ujameš)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (vrta ni)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (verjetno bo poklicala)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (domišljija)
Prikaži odgovore
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Iskanje napak.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. On your place I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Prikaži odgovore
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Prepiši kot neresničen pogoj,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Prikaži odgovore
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Razširi namig v nasvet

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Prikaži odgovore
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Odgovori s celimi povedmi

— o sebi. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Prikaži odgovore
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Če bi imel več časa, bi se učil italijanščine. 2) Na tvojem mestu bi se pogovoril s šefom. 3) Kaj bi naredil, če bi zadel na loteriji? 4) Če bi živel ob morju, bi vsak dan plaval. 5) Če bi vedel njen naslov, bi ji pisal.

Prikaži odgovore
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano

  • pogojne povedi drugega tipa v vseh oblikah
  • could namesto would
  • preteklik kot odmik od resničnosti
  • izbira med prvim in drugim tipom
  • were za vse osebe
  • nasvet z If I were you

Sledi lekcija 9: obžalovanje in želje.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 81

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

15 besed
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ bralec
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medicinska sestra, zdravstvenik
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ kot je treba, pošteno
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ tržnica
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ pustolovščina
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ odkrito povedano
  • mile /maɪl/ milja
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ dolgočasen
  • safe /seɪf/ varen, zanesljiv
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ nasvet
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ večerni tečaj
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ loterija
  • win /wɪn/ zmagati, zadeti (dobitek)
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ zobobol
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ prijaviti se na (delovno mesto)

Pisanje

Pet ali šest povedi: kaj bi počel, če ti eno leto ne bi bilo treba delati, in en nasvet prijatelju z If I were you.

Zgled

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

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Vadite to lekcijo v drugih razdelkih

Diktatna podlagi te lekcije Zapišite, kar slišite. Preverjanje pokaže vsako besedo, ki se razlikuje, in kako. Napišite narek Branje na glasna podlagi te lekcije Preberite besedilo lekcije na glas — prepoznavanje govora označi besede, ki jih ni ujelo. Preberite besedilo na glas Branje in poslušanjeA1–C1 Besedila na vsaki ravni z vprašanji za razumevanje; prepis se odpre po odgovoru. Preizkusi

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