Málfræði ~54 mín af kjarna eftir

Að láta sig dreyma

Eftir þessa kennslustund geturðu

Ég get talað um það sem er óraunverulegt eða ólíklegt og gefið ráð með „ef ég væri þú“.

Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 54 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

15 mín.

Í lexíu A2 #27 var skilyrðið raunverulegt: If it rains, I'll stay at home — það getur vel rignt. En oft tölum við um það sem er ekki til: „ef ég hefði tíma“, „ef ég byggi við sjóinn“. Til þess er önnur gerð skilyrðissetninga (second conditional).

Myndin: if + þátíð, í aðalsetningunni would + nafnháttur.

staðhæfing If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
neitun If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
spurning What would you do if you won the lottery?
stutt svar Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd er stytting á would, sú sama og í I'd like (lexía A2 #17). Hlutunum má víxla: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Komma þarf aðeins þegar if-hlutinn stendur fremst. Í stað would kemur stundum could — „gæti“: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Þátíðin merkir hér ekki fortíð. If I had more time fjallar um daginn í dag. Þátíðarmyndin fjarlægir atburðinn raunveruleikanum — eins og í kurteislegu Could you…? (lexía A2 #17). Á íslensku gerir viðtengingarháttur þátíðar það sama: „ef ég hefði tíma“ — „hefði“ er þátíðarmynd, þó að átt sé við núið.

Hvenær hún er notuð.

Um það sem er ekki til núna: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Ég bý ekki við sjóinn.

Um framtíð sem er ólíkleg eða ímynduð: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Það er næstum ómögulegt að vinna, þess vegna önnur gerð.

Til að gefa ráð: If I were you, I'd… — um það hér fyrir neðan.

Berðu saman fyrstu og aðra gerð. Munurinn liggur ekki í „ef“, heldur í því hve mikla trú sá sem talar hefur á skilyrðinu:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Raunhæfar líkur: viðtalið gekk vel.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Litlar líkur: ég geri mér varla vonir.

Aðstæðurnar eru þær sömu, en val á gerð segir hvernig þú metur þær.

were í öllum persónum. Á eftir if hefur be sérstaka mynd — were, líka með I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… Þetta minnir á íslenska „væri“: „ef ég væri“, „ef hún væri“. Í talmáli er líka oft sagt If I was rich — það er líka rétt, bara einfaldara og minna bóklegt.

Ráð: If I were you, I'd… — „ef ég væri þú myndi ég…“, „í þínum sporum myndi ég…“. Hér segja enskumælandi nær alltaf were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Slíkt ráð er mildara en You should… (lexía A2 #11): þú ert ekki að kenna manneskjunni, heldur setur þig í hennar spor. Oft er fyrri hlutanum sleppt: I'd talk to your manager — „í þínum sporum“ skilst hvort sem er.

would án if. Aðalsetningin getur staðið ein þegar skilyrðið skilst af samtalinu eða er alls ekki til: It would be nice to have a garden. — „Það væri gaman að eiga garð.“ I'd never do that. — „Ég myndi aldrei gera þetta.“ Which city would you like to live in? Þetta er sami óraunveruleikinn, aðeins er „ef“ ekki sagt upphátt. Þess vegna heyrist would svo oft í draumum, mati og kurteislegum spurningum.

Fleiri dæmi:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Ef ég vissi númerið hennar, myndi ég hringja í hana.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Ef það væri ekki svona dýrt, færum við oftar.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Ég væri ánægðari ef ég byggi ekki svona langt frá vinnunni.
Would you live abroad if you could? Myndirðu búa erlendis ef þú gætir?

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Ef skilyrðið er óraunverulegt er aðalsetningin það líka: will passar ekki við það.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. Hvað merkir If I had a car, I'd drive to work: er bíllinn til eða ekki? Hvernig segirðu „í þínum sporum myndi ég ekki hafa áhyggjur“? Líkurnar á vinningi eru nær engar — hvernig á að ljúka If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

sýna svörin
bíllinn er ekki til — þátíð á eftir if segir frá því sem er óraunverulegt; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (eða I wouldn't worry if I were you); önnur gerð: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Auglýsing

Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

would á eftir if

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

„Ef ég myndi hafa meiri tíma, myndi ég læra ítölsku“ heyrist í daglegu tali, og þá virðist eðlilegt að setja would í báða hlutana. Á ensku stendur would aðeins í aðalsetningunni; á eftir if kemur þátíð — eins og í vandaðri íslensku: „ef ég hefði“ — if I had.

2

Sögnin strax á eftir if-hlutanum

✗ If I were you, would I talk to the manager → ✓ If I were you, I'd talk to the manager. „Ef ég væri þú, myndi ég tala við yfirmanninn“: á íslensku kemur sögnin á undan frumlaginu þegar if-hlutinn stendur fremst. Á ensku kemur frumlagið fyrst (lexía A2 #27); með would I hljómar seinni hlutinn eins og spurning. Sama gildir um ✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian, ekki would I learn.

Framburður

4 mín.

would í staðhæfingu styttist í /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Í tali greinir aðeins eitt hljóð það frá I learn, svo styddu þig við if og þátíðina í kring: þau gefa til kynna að næst komi would.

Fullt would — /wʊd/, rímar við good, stafurinn l er ekki borinn fram. Fullt og með áherslu er það í stuttu svari: Yes, I would. Í spurningu og á eftir nafnorði, án áherslu, er það veikt — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, ekkert sérhljóð á milli /d/ og /n/.

were í If I were you er áherslulaust — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Áherslan fellur á you, og í lok ráðsins lækkar röddin: þannig hljómar það vinsamlega og öruggt.

Auglýsing

Texti

5 mín.

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Upplesin

Æfingar

30 mín.

1. Eyðufylling.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Sýna svörin
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Val.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (vel mögulegt)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (bý ekki þar)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (hægt að ná honum)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (enginn garður)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (hringir líklega)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (ímyndun)
Sýna svörin
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Villuleit.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I were you, would I talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Sýna svörin
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Umorðaðu sem óraunverulegt skilyrði

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Sýna svörin
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Gerðu ráð úr vísbendingunni

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Sýna svörin
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Svaraðu í heilum setningum

— um þig. Svörin hér fyrir neðan eru fyrirmynd. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Sýna svörin
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Ef ég hefði meiri tíma, myndi ég læra ítölsku. 2) Í þínum sporum myndi ég tala við yfirmanninn. 3) Hvað myndirðu gera ef þú ynnir í lottóinu? 4) Ef ég byggi við sjóinn, myndi ég synda á hverjum degi. 5) Ef ég vissi heimilisfangið hennar, myndi ég skrifa henni.

Sýna svörin
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Auglýsing

Samantekt

Farið yfir

  • önnur gerð skilyrðissetninga í öllum myndum
  • could í stað would
  • þátíð sem fjarlægð frá raunveruleikanum
  • val á milli fyrstu og annarrar gerðar
  • were í öllum persónum
  • ráð með If I were you

Næst — lexía 9: eftirsjá og óskir.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 81

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

15 orð
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ lesandi
  • nurse /nɜːs/ hjúkrunarfræðingur
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ almennilega, eins og á að gera
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ markaður
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ ævintýri
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ satt að segja
  • mile /maɪl/ míla
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ leiðinlegur
  • safe /seɪf/ öruggur, traustur
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ ráð, ráðlegging
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ kvöldnámskeið
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lottó, happdrætti
  • win /wɪn/ vinna (í lottói, keppni)
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ tannpína
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ sækja um

Ritun

Fimm til sex setningar: hvað þú myndir gera ef þú þyrftir ekki að vinna í eitt ár, og eitt ráð til vinar með If I were you.

Fyrirmynd

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

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