Gramatika ~54 min z jadra zostáva

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Viem rozprávať o nereálnom alebo málo pravdepodobnom a poradiť cez „na tvojom mieste“.

Začať lekciu Jadro 54 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

15 min

V A2 #27 bola podmienka reálna: If it rains, I'll stay at home — dážď je celkom možný. Často však hovoríme o tom, čo nie je: „keby som mal čas“, „keby som býval pri mori“. Na to slúži druhý typ podmienkových viet.

Tvar: if + minulý čas, v hlavnej časti would + základný tvar.

oznamovacia veta If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
zápor If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
otázka What would you do if you won the lottery?
krátka odpoveď Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd je skrátené would, to isté ako v I'd like (A2 #17). Časti sa dajú vymeniť: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Čiarka je potrebná, len keď časť s if stojí prvá. Namiesto would býva could — „mohol by som“: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Minulý čas tu neznamená minulosť. If I had more time hovorí o dnešku. Minulý tvar odsúva udalosť od skutočnosti — tak ako v zdvorilom Could you…? (A2 #17). V slovenčine je to podobné: v „keby som mal čas“ je „mal“ ten istý tvar ako v minulom čase, hoci ide o súčasnosť.

Kedy sa používa.

O tom, čo teraz nie je: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Pri mori nebývam.

O budúcnosti, ktorá je málo pravdepodobná alebo vymyslená: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Vyhrať je takmer nemožné, preto druhý typ.

Na radu: If I were you, I'd… — o tom nižšie.

Porovnaj prvý a druhý typ. Rozdiel nie je v „ak“, ale v tom, nakoľko hovoriaci verí v podmienku:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Šanca je reálna: pohovor dopadol dobre.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Šanca je malá: takmer nedúfam.

Situácia je jedna, a výber typu hovorí, ako ju hodnotíš.

were pre všetky osoby. Po if má be osobitný tvar — were aj s I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… V hovorenej reči sa často hovorí aj If I was rich — aj to je správne, len jednoduchšie a menej knižné.

Rada: If I were you, I'd… — „na tvojom mieste by som…“. Tu rodení hovoriaci takmer vždy hovoria were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Takáto rada je mäkšia ako You should… (A2 #11): človeka nepoúčaš, ale stavaš sa na jeho miesto. Prvá časť sa často vynecháva: I'd talk to your manager — „na tvojom mieste“ je jasné aj tak.

would bez if. Hlavná časť žije aj sama, keď je podmienka jasná z rozhovoru alebo nie je vôbec: It would be nice to have a garden. — „Bolo by pekné mať záhradu.“ I'd never do that. — „To by som nikdy neurobil.“ Which city would you like to live in? Je to tá istá nereálnosť, len „keby“ nezaznelo. Preto je would také časté v snoch, hodnoteniach a zdvorilých otázkach.

Ďalšie príklady:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Keby som poznal jej číslo, zavolal by som jej.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Keby to nebolo také drahé, chodili by sme častejšie.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Bol by som šťastnejší, keby som býval bližšie k práci.
Would you live abroad if you could? Žil by si v zahraničí, keby si mohol?

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Ak je podmienka nereálna, nereálna je aj hlavná časť: will k nej nepasuje.

Otestuj sa. Čo znamená If I had a car, I'd drive to work: auto má, alebo nemá? Ako povedať „na tvojom mieste by som sa netrápil“? Šanca vyhrať je takmer nulová — ako dokončiť If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house?

zobraziť odpovede
auto nemá — minulý čas po if hovorí o nereálnom; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (alebo I wouldn't worry if I were you); druhý typ: If I won, I'd buy a house.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

would v oboch častiach

✗ If I would have more time, I would learn Italian

✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian

V slovenčine je „by“ v oboch častiach („keby som mal čas, učil by som sa“), a tak sa would dostane aj za if. V angličtine patrí would len do hlavnej časti. Pomôže slovenská veta: v „keby som mal“ je „mal“ minulý tvar, a po anglicky tu stojí tiež minulý tvar — had.

2

„Na tvojom mieste“ doslova

✗ On your place I would talk to him

✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him

Slovenský obrat láka preložiť slovo po slove, ale on your place sa po anglicky nehovorí. Existuje in your position, ale bežná formula rady je If I were you.

3

Čiarka pred if

✗ I'd learn Italian, if I had more time

✓ I'd learn Italian if I had more time

V slovenčine sa pred „keby“ čiarka píše vždy. V angličtine len vtedy, keď časť s if stojí prvá.

4

If I was you

Nie je to chyba: v hovorenej reči to rodení hovoriaci hovoria. V rade sa však ustálil tvar ✓ If I were you a v písanom texte je istejší. Slovenské „keby som bol“ vedie k I was, a I were sa zdá nesprávne — preto si were ľahšie zapamätáš ako súčasť hotovej formuly.

Výslovnosť

4 min

would sa v oznamovacej vete skracuje na /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Sluchom ho od I learn odlišuje jedna hláska, preto sa opieraj o if a minulý čas vedľa: napovedajú, že ďalej príde would.

Plné would — /wʊd/, rýmuje sa s good, písmeno l sa nečíta. Plné a prízvučné býva v krátkej odpovedi: Yes, I would. V otázke a po podstatnom mene, bez prízvuku, je slabé — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, bez samohlásky medzi /d/ a /n/.

were v If I were you je neprízvučné — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Prízvuk padá na you a na konci rady hlas klesá: tak znie priateľsky a sebaisto.

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Text

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

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Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplňovanie.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Zobraziť odpovede
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Výber.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (celkom možné)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (nebývam tam)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (dá sa to stihnúť)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (záhradu nemám)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (asi zavolá)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantázia)
Zobraziť odpovede
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. On your place I would talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Zobraziť odpovede
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Prepíš ako nereálnu podmienku,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Zobraziť odpovede
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Rozviň nápovedu do rady

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Zobraziť odpovede
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Odpovedz celými vetami

— o sebe. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Zobraziť odpovede
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Keby som mal viac času, učil by som sa taliančinu. 2) Na tvojom mieste by som sa porozprával so šéfom. 3) Čo by si urobil, keby si vyhral v lotérii? 4) Keby som býval pri mori, každý deň by som plával. 5) Keby som poznal jej adresu, napísal by som jej.

Zobraziť odpovede
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme

  • podmienkové vety druhého typu vo všetkých tvaroch
  • could namiesto would
  • minulý čas ako odstup od skutočnosti
  • výber medzi prvým a druhým typom
  • were pre všetky osoby
  • radu cez If I were you

Ďalej — lekcia 9: ľútosť a želanie.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 81

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

15 slov
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ čitateľ
  • nurse /nɜːs/ zdravotná sestra, ošetrovateľ
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ poriadne, ako sa patrí
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ trh
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ dobrodružstvo
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ úprimne povedané
  • mile /maɪl/ míľa
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ nudný
  • safe /seɪf/ istý, spoľahlivý
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ rada
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ večerný kurz
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lotéria
  • win /wɪn/ vyhrať
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ bolesť zubov
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ uchádzať sa o, prihlásiť sa na

Písanie

Päť-šesť viet: čo by si robil(a), keby si rok nemusel (nemusela) pracovať, a jedna rada priateľovi cez If I were you.

Vzor

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Kontrolný zoznam

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