Grammatik ~54 min af kernen tilbage

Fantasere

Efter denne lektion kan du

Jeg kan fortælle om noget uvirkeligt eller usandsynligt og give et råd med »hvis jeg var dig«.

Start lektionen Kerne 54 min · trin: 6 · valgfri: +2

Angivet kernemængde. To af kerneblokkene har ingen tid, så den reelle lektion er længere end summen.

Grammatik

15 min

I lektion A2 #27 var betingelsen virkelig: If it rains, I'll stay at home — regn er helt muligt. Men tit taler vi om noget, der ikke er sådan: »hvis jeg havde tid«, »hvis jeg boede ved havet«. Til det findes anden type betingelsessætninger.

Formen: if + datid, i hovedsætningen would + grundform.

bekræftende If I had more time, I'd learn Italian.
nægtende If I didn't have to work, I wouldn't get up at six.
spørgsmål What would you do if you won the lottery?
kort svar Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

'd er en forkortelse af would, det samme som i I'd like (lektion A2 #17). Delene kan bytte plads: I'd learn Italian if I had more time. Der skal kun komma, når if-delen står først. I stedet for would kan der stå could — »ville kunne«: If I had a car, I could drive to work.

Datid betyder her ikke fortid. If I had more time handler om i dag. Datidsformen skubber begivenheden væk fra virkeligheden — på samme måde som i det høflige Could you…? (lektion A2 #17). Dansk gør det på samme måde: »hvis jeg havde mere tid« står også i datid, selv om det handler om nu.

Hvornår bruges den.

Om noget, der ikke er sådan nu: If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day. Jeg bor ikke ved havet.

Om en fremtid, der er usandsynlig eller opdigtet: What would you do if you won a million pounds? Det er næsten umuligt at vinde, derfor anden type.

Til et råd: If I were you, I'd… — mere om det nedenfor.

Sammenlign første og anden type. Forskellen ligger ikke i »hvis«, men i hvor meget den, der taler, tror på betingelsen:

If I get the job, I'll move to Bristol. Chancen er reel: jobsamtalen gik godt.
If I got the job, I'd move to Bristol. Chancen er lille: jeg håber næsten ikke.

Situationen er den samme, men valget af type fortæller, hvordan du vurderer den.

were i alle personer. Efter if har be en særlig form — were, også med I, he, she: If I were rich…, If she were here… I tale siger man også tit If I was rich — det er også rigtigt, bare enklere og mindre skriftsprogligt.

Et råd: If I were you, I'd… — »hvis jeg var dig, ville jeg …«. Her siger englænderne næsten altid were: If I were you, I'd talk to your manager. I wouldn't buy that car if I were you. Sådan et råd er blødere end You should… (lektion A2 #11): du belærer ikke den anden, du sætter dig i hans sted. Tit udelader man første del: I'd talk to your manager — »hvis jeg var dig« er underforstået.

would uden if. Hovedsætningen kan også stå alene, når betingelsen fremgår af samtalen eller slet ikke findes: It would be nice to have a garden. — »Det ville være dejligt at have en have«. I'd never do that. — »Det ville jeg aldrig gøre«. Which city would you like to live in? Det er den samme uvirkelighed, bare uden at »hvis« bliver sagt. Derfor hører man would så tit i drømme, vurderinger og høflige spørgsmål.

Flere eksempler:

If I knew her number, I'd call her. Hvis jeg kendte hendes nummer, ville jeg ringe til hende.
If it wasn't so expensive, we'd go more often. Hvis det ikke var så dyrt, ville vi tage derhen oftere.
I'd be happier if I didn't live so far from work. Jeg ville være gladere, hvis jeg ikke boede så langt fra arbejdet.
Would you live abroad if you could? Ville du bo i udlandet, hvis du kunne?

Sådan siger man ikke. ✗ If I had more time, I will learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I'd learn Italian. Når betingelsen er uvirkelig, er hovedsætningen det også: will passer ikke til den.

Test dig selv. Hvad betyder If I had a car, I'd drive to work: har personen en bil eller ej? Hvordan siger man »hvis jeg var dig, ville jeg ikke bekymre mig«? Chancen for at vinde er næsten nul — hvordan gør man If I ___ (win), I ___ (buy) a house færdig?

vis svarene
ingen bil — datid efter if fortæller om noget uvirkeligt; If I were you, I wouldn't worry (eller I wouldn't worry if I were you); anden type: If I won, I'd buy a house.
Annonce

Typiske fejl hos dansktalende

skrevet til dit sprog
1

Omvendt ordstilling efter if-delen

✗ If I had more time, would I learn Italian → ✓ If I had more time, I would learn Italian. Dansk sætter verbet før subjektet: »Hvis jeg havde mere tid, ville jeg lære italiensk«. På engelsk kommer subjektet først, også efter en if-del (lektion A2 #27); med would I lyder anden del som et spørgsmål. Det samme gælder rådet: ✓ If I were you, I'd talk to him, ikke would I.

2

Komma foran if

✗ I'd learn Italian, if I had more time

✓ I'd learn Italian if I had more time

Mange danskere sætter komma foran »hvis«. På engelsk er der intet komma, når hovedsætningen står først; kun når if-delen står først (lektion A2 #27).

3

If I was you

Ikke en fejl: i tale siger englænderne det også. Men i et råd har formen ✓ If I were you sat sig fast, og på skrift er den sikrest. Dansk har »var« i alle personer, og ved siden af I was virker I were forkert — derfor er det lettest at lære were som en del af den faste formel.

Udtale

4 min

would i en bekræftende sætning trækkes sammen til /d/: I'd learn /aɪd ˈlɜːn/. Det er kun én lyd, der skiller det fra I learn i lytningen, så støt dig til if og datiden ved siden af: de fortæller, at der kommer et would.

Det fulde would — /wʊd/, rimer på good, l udtales ikke. Fuldt og betonet er det i et kort svar: Yes, I would. I et spørgsmål og efter et navneord, uden tryk, er det svagt — /wəd/: What would you do? /ˈwɒt wəd ju ˈduː/. wouldn't — /ˈwʊdnt/, uden vokal mellem /d/ og /n/.

were i If I were you er tryksvagt — /wə/: /ɪf aɪ wə ˈjuː/. Trykket falder på you, og i slutningen af rådet går stemmen ned: så lyder det venligt og sikkert.

Annonce

Tekst

5 min

This week we asked our readers: what would you do if you didn't have to work for a year?

Megan, a nurse from Cardiff: "I'd learn Italian properly. I'd find a small flat in Bologna, and I wouldn't speak a word of English for twelve months. If I lived there, I'd go to the market every morning and cook real Italian food. It would be a big adventure."

Dev, a taxi driver from Leeds: "Honestly? I'd sleep for a week first. Then I'd walk round the whole coast of Wales. It's about 870 miles, so if I walked twenty miles a day, I could finish it in about six weeks."

Lucy, a student from Belfast: "I wouldn't travel — everybody says that. I'd make my own computer game. I already have the idea. If I had more time, I'd finish it in a few months."

One reader sent us a different question: "My job is boring, but it's safe. Should I leave?" Our advice: if we were you, we wouldn't leave without a plan. We'd start an evening course first. If you enjoyed it, you could change jobs next year.

Læs højt

Øvelser

30 min

1. Udfyldning.

  1. If I (have) more time, I (learn) to play the piano
  2. If she (live) closer, we (see) each other more often
  3. What you (do) if you (win) the lottery?
  4. If I (be) you, I (not / buy) that car
  5. I (go) to the party if I (not / have) to work
  6. If we (know) her address, we (send) her a card
  7. He (be) healthier if he (not / smoke)
  8. If I (can) speak French, I (apply) for that job in Paris
Vis svarene
had / would learn; lived / would see; would / do / won; were / wouldn't buy; would go / didn't have; knew / would send; would be / didn't smoke; could / would apply

2. Valg.

  1. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home. (sagtens muligt)
  2. If I (live) in London, I (go) to the theatre every week. (bor der ikke)
  3. If you (hurry), you (catch) the bus. (man kan godt nå den)
  4. If I (have) a garden, I (grow) vegetables. (der er ingen have)
  5. If she (call) tonight, I (tell) her the news. (hun ringer nok)
  6. If dogs (can) talk, they (tell) us a lot. (fantasi)
Vis svarene
rains / will stay; lived / would go; hurry / will catch; had / would grow; calls / will tell; could / would tell

3. Fejlfinding.

  1. If I would have more money, I would travel.
  2. If I have more time, I would learn Italian.
  3. If I were you, would I talk to the manager.
  4. If she knew the answer, she will tell us.
  5. What you would do if you won the lottery?
  6. If I were you, I would to call him.
Vis svarene
If I had more money, I would travel / If I had more money, I'd travel; If I had more time, I would learn Italian / If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I have more time, I will learn Italian; If I were you, I would talk to the manager / If I were you, I'd talk to the manager / If I was you, I would talk to the manager / If I was you, I'd talk to the manager; If she knew the answer, she would tell us / If she knew the answer, she'd tell us / If she knows the answer, she will tell us; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I were you, I would call him / If I were you, I'd call him

4. Omskriv som en uvirkelig betingelse,

  1. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to work.
  2. She doesn't speak Spanish, so she can't work in Madrid.
  3. We live in the city, so we don't have a garden.
  4. I'm not rich, so I can't buy a house by the sea.
  5. He works at weekends, so he can't come to the match.
  6. I don't know her number, so I can't call her.
Vis svarene
If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work / If I had a car, I could drive to work; If she spoke Spanish, she could work in Madrid; If we didn't live in the city, we would have a garden / If we didn't live in the city, we'd have a garden; If I were rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I could buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I would buy a house by the sea / If I were rich, I'd buy a house by the sea / If I was rich, I'd buy a house by the sea; If he didn't work at weekends, he could come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he would come to the match / If he didn't work at weekends, he'd come to the match; If I knew her number, I could call her / If I knew her number, I would call her / If I knew her number, I'd call her

5. Udbyg stikordet til et råd

  1. I'm always tired. (go to bed earlier)
  2. My laptop is very slow. (buy a new one)
  3. I've got toothache. (see a dentist)
  4. My flat is too expensive. (look for a cheaper one)
  5. I'm thinking of leaving my job. (not / leave without a new one)
Vis svarene
If I were you, I'd go to bed earlier / If I were you, I would go to bed earlier; If I were you, I'd buy a new one / If I were you, I would buy a new one; If I were you, I'd see a dentist / If I were you, I would see a dentist; If I were you, I'd look for a cheaper one / If I were you, I would look for a cheaper one; If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new one / If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a new job

6. Svar med hele sætninger

— om dig selv. Svarene nedenfor er et eksempel. 1) What would you do if you won a million pounds? 2) Where would you live if you could choose any city in the world? 3) What would you change in your life if you had more free time?

Vis svarene
I'd buy a house for my parents and travel round the world; I'd live in Lisbon — it's warm, and the food is great; I'd do more sport, and I'd read more

7. Oversæt til engelsk.

1) Hvis jeg havde mere tid, ville jeg lære italiensk. 2) Hvis jeg var dig, ville jeg tale med din chef. 3) Hvad ville du gøre, hvis du vandt i lotteriet? 4) Hvis jeg boede ved havet, ville jeg svømme hver dag. 5) Hvis jeg kendte hendes adresse, ville jeg skrive til hende.

Vis svarene
If I had more time, I'd learn Italian / If I had more time, I would learn Italian; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I'd talk to your boss; What would you do if you won the lottery?; If I lived by the sea, I'd swim every day / If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day; If I knew her address, I'd write to her / If I knew her address, I would write to her
Annonce

Opsummering

Gennemgået

  • anden type betingelsessætninger i alle former
  • could i stedet for would
  • datid som afstand til virkeligheden
  • valget mellem første og anden type
  • were i alle personer
  • råd med If I were you

Næste: lektion 9 — ærgrelser og ønsker.

Kernen slut

Lektionen tælles som færdig, når øvelserne er udført. Alt efter dette er valgfrit.

Lektion 81

valgfri

Ordforråd til kortbunken

15 ord
  • reader /ˈriːdə/ læser
  • nurse /nɜːs/ sygeplejerske
  • properly /ˈprɒpəli/ ordentligt, rigtigt
  • market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ marked
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ eventyr, oplevelse
  • honestly /ˈɒnɪstli/ ærligt talt
  • mile /maɪl/ engelsk mil (1,6 km)
  • boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ kedelig
  • safe /seɪf/ sikker
  • advice /ədˈvaɪs/ råd
  • evening course /ˈiːvnɪŋ kɔːs/ aftenkursus
  • lottery /ˈlɒtəri/ lotteri
  • win /wɪn/ vinde
  • toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ tandpine
  • apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː/ søge (et job, en plads)

Skrivning

Fem-seks sætninger: hvad du ville lave, hvis du ikke skulle arbejde i et år, og ét råd til en ven med If I were you.

Eksempel

If I didn't have to work for a year, I'd travel round South America. I'd learn Spanish on the way, and I'd write a blog about the trip. If I had enough money, I'd also buy a good camera. My friend Tom wants to leave his job, but he hasn't found a new one yet. I said to him: "If I were you, I wouldn't leave without a plan."

Tjekliste

Udkastet gemmes på denne enhed
Annonce

Øv denne lektion i de andre sektioner

Diktatbaseret på denne lektion Skriv ned, hvad du hører. Kontrollen viser hvert ord, der adskiller sig, og hvordan. Skriv diktat Læs højtbaseret på denne lektion Læs lektionsteksten højt — talegenkendelse fremhæver ord, den ikke opfangede. Læs teksten højt Læsning og lytningA1–C1 Tekster på alle niveauer med forståelsesspørgsmål; transskriptionen åbnes, når du har svaret. Prøv det

Har du en idé til en funktion?

Send idé
Annonce
Annonce