Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Ilarawan ang isang grupo

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong sabihin nang eksakto kung ilan sa isang grupo ng tao o bagay ang gumagawa ng isang bagay.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Sa A2 #13, sinabi ninyo kung gaano karami: a lot of work, a few days, not much time. Ngayon, iba ang tanong — anong bahagi ng grupo. “Karamihan sa mga kasamahan ko”, “wala ni isa sa amin”, “kapwa magkapatid”, “wala sa dalawang pagpipilian”, “kalahati ng mga tiket”. Sa Tagalog, inilalagay lang ang ganitong salita bago ang grupo, na may “ng” o “sa”. Sa Ingles, may dalawang paraan ng pagbuo ang bawat salita ng bahagi, at ang pagpili sa pagitan nila ang pangunahing tuntunin ng aralin.

Mga salita ng bahagi. Mula “lahat” hanggang “wala”:

salita bahagi halimbawa
all lahat All of my friends came to the party.
most karamihan Most of the guests left before midnight.
half kalahati Half of the tickets have already gone.
many marami Many of my colleagues live outside London.
some ang ilan, bahagi Some of them work at weekends.
a few ilan, iilan A few of us stayed to help.
none wala ni isa, walang sinuman, wala None of the shops were open.

Tungkol sa dalawang tao o bagay, may hiwalay na tatlo:

salita bahagi halimbawa
both pareho, kapwa Both of my parents are teachers.
either alinman sa dalawa Either of these days is fine for me.
neither wala ni isa sa dalawa Neither of the answers is right.

Kailan kailangan ang of. Puwedeng ilagay ang salita ng bahagi sa harap mismo ng pangngalan: most people, some students, all children. Ganito nagsasalita tungkol sa mga tao at bagay sa pangkalahatan — “karamihan ng tao” sa mundo, “lahat ng bata” bilang ganoon. Pero kung tungkol sa tiyak at kilalang grupo — the students, my friends, these books, us, them —, pumapasok ang of sa pagitan ng salita ng bahagi at ng grupo:

pangkalahatan — walang of tiyak na grupo — may of
Most people like holidays. Most of the people in my street have a car.
Some students work at night. Some of my students work at night.
All children need sleep. All of us were tired.
No shops are open on Christmas Day. None of the shops were open.

Bakit ganito: ang of ay parang “sa” sa “karamihan sa kanila” — “mula sa”. “Karamihan sa mga estudyanteng pinag-uusapan natin” — most of the students. Kung walang tiyak na grupo, walang pagkukunan, at hindi inilalagay ang of. Kaya ang tseke: pagkatapos ng of, laging may the, my, these, those o panghalip. Kung wala ang mga ito, hindi kailangan ang of.

Sa panghalip, laging kailangan ang of: all of us, both of them, none of it, most of you.

May kalayaan ang all, both at half: bago ang the at my, puwedeng alisin ang of. all the students = all of the students, both my parents = both of my parents, half the class. Hindi ito puwede sa ibang salita: most of the students lang, some of my friends.

all at both pagkatapos ng simuno. Puwede ring nasa gitna ng pangungusap ang dalawang salitang ito — sa parehong lugar ng mga pang-abay ng dalas (A1 #11): bago ang pangunahing pandiwa, pero pagkatapos ng be at ng pantulong na pandiwa. We all agreed. — “Pumayag kaming lahat”. My parents are both teachers. — “Parehong guro ang mga magulang ko”. The guests have all gone home.

none at no. Nasa harap mismo ng pangngalan ang no: No students came. Ang none — bago ang of o nag-iisa, sa sagot: None of the students came. — How many tickets are left? — None. May negasyon na ang dalawang salita, kaya positibo ang pandiwa pagkatapos nila: None of them came. Ganito rin sa Tagalog: sa “Walang dumating sa kanila”, iisa lang ang negasyon. Parehong batas ito ng neither … nor (B1 #6) at ng nobody (A2 #14).

Dalawa o higit pa. Tungkol lang sa dalawa ang both, either, neither. Kung tatlo o higit pa ang tao o bagay, kailangan ang all, any, none: None of my three brothers lives here, hindi neither. Pagkatapos ng either at neither na walang of, isahan ang pangngalan: either day, neither answer. Kapag may of — maramihan: neither of the answers.

Kapareho ng neither ang not … either, at mas karaniwan ito sa usapan: I don't like either of them = I like neither of them — “wala akong gusto sa dalawa”.

Nakita na ninyo ang neither sa dalawang ibang papel: neither … nor (B1 #6) at Neither do I (B1 #20). Narito ang ikatlong papel — “wala ni isa sa dalawa”.

a few at few, a little at little. Binabaligtad ng pantukoy ang pagtatasa. Ang a few (sa nabibilang) at a little (sa hindi nabibilang) — “ilan”, “kaunti”, at sapat ito. Kapag walang a, ang parehong mga salita ay nangangahulugang “kaunti lang”, “halos wala”, at masama ito.

I've got a few friends in Leeds, so I'm never lonely. ilan — at mabuti ito
I've got few friends in Leeds, so I'm often lonely. kaunti lang — reklamo
We've got a little time — let's have a coffee. kaunti, pero mayroon
We've got little time — hurry up. halos wala

Sa usapan, parang galing sa libro ang tunog ng few at little na walang pantukoy. Sa halip nila, karaniwang sinasabi ang not many, not much o only a few: I haven't got many friends here. Ang quite a few naman ay kabaligtaran — “medyo marami”: Quite a few of my colleagues cycle to work.

Ang pandiwa. Pagkatapos ng most of, some of, all of, half of, sinusunod ng pandiwa ang pangngalan pagkatapos ng of: Most of the students are here, pero Most of the money was spent. Kung salitang-grupo ang kasunod ng of — class, team, family —, tama sa British English ang parehong bilang: Half of the class has been to Spain (ang klase bilang isang kabuuan) at Half of the class have been to Spain (ang mga tao rito). Pagkatapos ng none of, neither of at either of, tama rin ang dalawa: None of us is perfect at None of us are perfect, Neither of them knows at Neither of them know. Mas mahigpit ang tunog ng isahan, at ito ang pinipili sa pormal na sulat; karaniwan sa usapan ang maramihan. Walang mali sa alinman.

Iba pang halimbawa:

Most of my colleagues come to work by train. Tren ang sinasakyan papasok sa trabaho ng karamihan sa mga kasamahan ko.
Some of the questions were really difficult. Talagang mahirap ang ilan sa mga tanong.
Half of the class have been to Spain. Nakapunta na sa Spain ang kalahati ng klase.
None of us knew the answer. Wala ni isa sa amin ang nakaalam ng sagot.
Both of my sisters live abroad. Kapwa nakatira sa ibang bansa ang dalawa kong kapatid na babae.
Monday or Tuesday? Either day is fine. Lunes o Martes? Puwede ang alinmang araw.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ all us, ✗ both they → ✓ all of us, both of them. ✗ most the students → ✓ most of the students.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano sasabihin ang “Nakatira sa London ang karamihan sa mga kaibigan ko”? Ano ang pagkakaiba ng I have a few friends here at I have few friends here? Paano sasabihin ang “wala sa dalawang sagot ang tama”?

ipakita ang mga sagot
Most of my friends live in London; sa una, may mga kaibigan, at mabuti ito; sa ikalawa, kaunti lang sila — reklamo ito; Neither of the answers is right / Neither answer is right.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

of kahit pangkalahatan

✗ Most of students work

✓ Most students work

(mga estudyante sa pangkalahatan) o Most of the students in my group work (mga tiyak). Laging may “ng” o “sa” ang “karamihan ng mga estudyante”, sa parehong kahulugan, kaya nagiging of ito sa Ingles. Pero sa Ingles, laging may kasunod na the, my o panghalip ang of.

2

“Pareho … hindi” bilang both … not

✗ Both of them didn't come → ✓ Neither of them came. ✗ Both of my sisters don't drive → ✓ Neither of my sisters drives. Sa “Pareho silang hindi dumating”, may “pareho” at may “hindi”, kaya hinahanap ang both + not. Pero hindi karaniwang ginagamit ang both sa negatibong pangungusap: tungkol sa dalawa — neither at positibong pandiwa.

3

Iisang “wala ni isa” para sa dalawa at sa marami

✗ None of my parents drives → ✓ Neither of my parents drives. ✗ Neither of my three brothers drives → ✓ None of my three brothers drives. Pareho ang anyo ng “wala ni isa sa mga magulang ko” at “wala ni isa sa tatlo kong kapatid”. Sa Ingles: tungkol sa dalawa — neither, tungkol sa tatlo o higit pa — none.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Walang diin ang of sa mga pariralang ito — /əv/, at bago ang katinig, madalas /ə/ lang. Nasa salita ng bahagi at sa pangngalan ang diin: MOST of the STUdents /ˈməʊst əv ðə ˈstjuːdnts/, SOME of them /ˈsʌm əv ðəm/. Nagiging parang isang salita ang all of us: /ˈɔːl əv əs/.

Huwag lunukin ang a sa a few. /ə ˈfjuː/ laban sa /fjuː/: isang mahinang tunog ang nagpapaiba sa “ilan” at sa “kaunti lang”. Ganito rin sa a little /ə ˈlɪtl/.

Katugma ng one at sun ang none: /nʌn/, hindi “non” ayon sa baybay. Ang both — /bəʊθ/, may /θ/ sa dulo, gaya sa think, hindi “bot”. May dalawang bigkas ang either at neither (B1 #6): /ˈaɪðə/ o /ˈiːðə/, /ˈnaɪðə/ o /ˈniːðə/.

Hindi binibigkas ang l sa half: /hɑːf/, gaya sa calm at walk.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

There are twelve of us in our Tuesday evening Spanish class, and last week our teacher gave us a short survey about our lives. Here are the results.

Most of us work full-time, and a few work part-time. None of us are students any more — the youngest person in the group is twenty-nine. Half of the class have been to Spain at least once, but only two people have lived there: Paul and Ruth. Both of them spent a year in Madrid, and neither of them wants to go back to an office job.

All of us have busy evenings, so homework is a problem. Some people do it on the train in the morning, and some hardly do it at all. Few of us practise speaking outside the class, and that's the biggest weakness of the group. We have a little time before the exam in June, so our teacher has a plan: every week, two of us are going to meet for a coffee and speak only Spanish. We'll meet on Mondays or Wednesdays — either day is fine for most people.

I asked my partner, Jenny, if she was nervous about the exam. "Not really," she said. "Most exams are easier than people think. And all of my friends who took it last year passed."

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. Most people in my street have a car
  2. Most the people I work with live outside London
  3. All us were tired after the trip
  4. Some children are afraid of the dark
  5. None my friends could come to the party
  6. Both them speak French
  7. Many students work part-time
  8. Some my colleagues work from home on Fridays
Ipakita ang mga sagot
—; of; of; —; of; of; —; of

2. Ilagay ang

  1. I've got friends in this town, so I'm never lonely
  2. Hurry up — we have very time
  3. Could I have milk in my tea, please?
  4. It's a difficult book, and people finish it
  5. The last train has gone, so there's hope of getting home tonight
  6. We stayed in Rome for days and then went to Florence
Ipakita ang mga sagot
a few; little; a little; few; little; a few

3. Isulat muli

  1. All the students passed the exam. (none)
  2. My two sisters live abroad. (both)
  3. My two sisters don't drive. (neither)
  4. I don't have any friends who speak German. (none)
  5. Nearly all my colleagues come to work by train. (most)
  6. We were all late. (all of)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
None of the students passed the exam; Both of my sisters live abroad / Both my sisters live abroad / My sisters both live abroad; Neither of my sisters drives / Neither of my sisters drive; None of my friends speak German / None of my friends speaks German; Most of my colleagues come to work by train; All of us were late

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. Most of students in my group work.
  2. The most of people prefer tea.
  3. Both of them didn't come to the meeting.
  4. All us have to hand in the project on Friday.
  5. Neither of my three brothers lives here.
  6. I have few friends here, so I'm never lonely.
  7. None students passed the exam.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Most students in my group work / Most of the students in my group work; Most people prefer tea; Neither of them came to the meeting; All of us have to hand in the project on Friday / We all have to hand in the project on Friday; None of my three brothers lives here / None of my three brothers live here; I have a few friends here, so I'm never lonely; No students passed the exam / None of the students passed the exam

5. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Nakatira sa labas ng lungsod ang karamihan sa mga kasamahan ko sa trabaho. 2) Wala ni isa sa amin ang nakaalam ng sagot. 3) Parehong guro ang mga magulang ko. 4) Wala kaming nagustuhan sa dalawang hotel. 5) May kaunti pa tayong oras — magkape muna tayo. 6) Nabenta na ang kalahati ng mga tiket.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
Most of my colleagues live outside the city / Most of my colleagues live out of town; None of us knew the answer; Both of my parents are teachers / Both my parents are teachers / My parents are both teachers; We didn't like either of the hotels / We liked neither of the hotels; We've got a little time — let's have a coffee / We have a little time — let's have a coffee; Half of the tickets have already been sold / Half the tickets have already been sold

6. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong mga kasamahan sa trabaho, kaklase o kapitbahay. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) How many of your colleagues or classmates work from home? 2) Do any of your friends live abroad? 3) How many of your neighbours do you know by name?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
Most of my colleagues work from home on Fridays, but a few of them come in every day; Yes, two of my friends live abroad, but none of my family do; I know a few of them, but most of my neighbours are strangers to me
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: mga salita ng bahagi mula all hanggang none, ang tuntunin ng of (pangkalahatan — tiyak na grupo), all of us at we all, none at no, ang tatlo para sa dalawa — both, either, neither, a few laban sa few, a little laban sa little, ang pagkakasundo ng pandiwa. Susunod — aralin 26: ilarawan ang isang bagay at sumulat ng review.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 98

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

16 salita
  • most /məʊst/ karamihan
  • half /hɑːf/ kalahati
  • none /nʌn/ wala ni isa, walang sinuman
  • both /bəʊθ/ pareho, kapwa
  • either of /ˈaɪðər əv/ alinman sa dalawa
  • neither of /ˈnaɪðər əv/ wala ni isa sa dalawa
  • a few /ə ˈfjuː/ ilan, ilang
  • few /fjuː/ kaunti lang, iilan
  • quite a few /ˌkwaɪt ə ˈfjuː/ medyo marami
  • survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ sarbey, survey
  • result /rɪˈzʌlt/ resulta
  • full-time /ˌfʊl ˈtaɪm/ buong araw, full-time
  • part-time /ˌpɑːt ˈtaɪm/ bahagi lang ng araw, part-time
  • weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ kahinaan
  • at least /ət ˈliːst/ kahit man lang, hindi bababa sa
  • lonely /ˈləʊnli/ malungkot dahil nag-iisa

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap tungkol sa isang grupo ng taong kilalang-kilala ninyo: mga kasamahan sa trabaho, kaklase, pamilya. Kahit limang magkakaibang salita ng bahagi, at isa sa mga ito — tungkol sa dalawang tao.

Halimbawa

There are fifteen people in my team at work. Most of us live in the city, but a few of my colleagues come in from the countryside. Half of the team have children. None of us are older than fifty. Both of our managers speak French, and neither of them drives to work. Few of us take a proper lunch break — we're always too busy.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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