Gramatika ~54 min jezgre preostalo

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Mogu točno reći koliko ljudi ili predmeta iz neke skupine nešto radi.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 54 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 #13 govorio si koliko čega ima: a lot of work, a few days, not much time. Sada je pitanje drukčije — koji dio skupine. „Većina mojih kolega“, „nitko od nas“, „oba brata“, „ni jedna od dviju mogućnosti“, „pola karata“. U hrvatskom se takva riječ jednostavno stavi ispred skupine u genitivu ili s „od“. U engleskom svaka riječ za dio ima dva načina gradnje, a izbor između njih — glavno je pravilo lekcije.

Riječi za dio. Od „svi“ do „nitko“:

riječ dio primjer
all svi, sve All of my friends came to the party.
most većina Most of the guests left before midnight.
half pola, polovica Half of the tickets have already gone.
many mnogi Many of my colleagues live outside London.
some neki, dio Some of them work at weekends.
a few nekoliko A few of us stayed to help.
none nijedan, nitko, ništa None of the shops were open.

O dvjema osobama ili dvama predmetima govori se posebnom trojkom:

riječ dio primjer
both oba, obje Both of my parents are teachers.
either bilo koji od dvaju Either of these days is fine for me.
neither nijedan od dvaju Neither of the answers is right.

Kad treba of. Riječ za dio može stajati izravno ispred imenice: most people, some students, all children. Tako se govori o ljudima i stvarima općenito — „većina ljudi“ na svijetu, „sva djeca“ kao takva. Ako je pak riječ o konkretnoj, već poznatoj skupini — the students, my friends, these books, us, them, — između riječi za dio i skupine dolazi of:

općenito — bez of konkretna skupina — s of
Most people like holidays. Most of the people in my street have a car.
Some students work at night. Some of my students work at night.
All children need sleep. All of us were tired.
No shops are open on Christmas Day. None of the shops were open.

Zašto je tako: of znači „od, iz“. „Većina od onih studenata o kojima govorimo“ — most of the students. Ako konkretne skupine nema, nema se iz čega uzimati, i of se ne stavlja. Odatle provjera: iza of obavezno stoji the, my, these, those ili zamjenica. Bez njih of ne treba.

Uz zamjenicu of treba uvijek: all of us, both of them, none of it, most of you.

all, both i half imaju jednu slobodu: ispred the i my riječ of smije se izostaviti. all the students = all of the students, both my parents = both of my parents, half the class. Kod ostalih riječi to ne ide: samo most of the students, some of my friends.

all i both iza subjekta. Te dvije riječi mogu stajati i u sredini rečenice — ondje gdje i prilozi učestalosti (A1 #11): ispred glavnog glagola, ali iza be i pomoćnog glagola. We all agreed. — „Svi smo se složili.“ My parents are both teachers. — „Moji su roditelji oboje učitelji.“ The guests have all gone home.

none i no. no stoji izravno ispred imenice: No students came. none — ispred of ili sasvim samo, u odgovoru: None of the students came. — How many tickets are left? — None. Obje riječi već nose nijekanje, pa je glagol iza njih potvrdan: None of them came. U hrvatskom „nitko od njih nije došao“ nijekanje se čuje dvaput, u engleskom — jednom. Isti zakon kao kod neither … nor (B1 #6) i nobody (A2 #14).

Dva ili više. both, either, neither govore samo o dvoje. Ako je ljudi ili stvari troje i više, trebaju all, any, none: None of my three brothers lives here, a ne neither. Iza either i neither bez of dolazi jednina: either day, neither answer. S of — množina: neither of the answers.

not … either znači isto što i neither, a u razgovoru zvuči uobičajenije: I don't like either of them = I like neither of them — „ne sviđa mi se nijedan od njih dvojice“.

neither si već sreo u dvjema drugim ulogama: neither … nor (B1 #6) i Neither do I (B1 #20). Ovdje je treća uloga — „nijedan od dvaju“.

a few i few, a little i little. Član okreće ocjenu. a few (uz brojive imenice) i a little (uz nebrojive) — „nekoliko“, „malo“, i to je dovoljno. Bez a iste riječi znače „malo“, „gotovo nimalo“, i to je loše.

I've got a few friends in Leeds, so I'm never lonely. nekoliko — i to je dobro
I've got few friends in Leeds, so I'm often lonely. malo — pritužba
We've got a little time — let's have a coffee. malo, ali ima
We've got little time — hurry up. gotovo nimalo

U razgovoru few i little bez člana zvuče knjiški. Umjesto njih obično se kaže not many, not much ili only a few: I haven't got many friends here. A quite a few znači, naprotiv, „prilično mnogo“: Quite a few of my colleagues cycle to work.

Glagol. Iza most of, some of, all of, half of glagol se ravna prema imenici iza of: Most of the students are here, ali Most of the money was spent. Ako iza of stoji riječ za skupinu — class, team, family, — u britanskom engleskom ispravna su oba broja: Half of the class has been to Spain (razred kao cjelina) i Half of the class have been to Spain (ljudi u njemu). Iza none of, neither of i either of također su ispravna oba: None of us is perfect i None of us are perfect, Neither of them knows i Neither of them know. Jednina zvuči strože, i u službenom pismu bira se ona; množina je uobičajena u razgovoru. Pogreške nema ni u jednom ni u drugom.

Još primjera:

Most of my colleagues come to work by train. Većina mojih kolega dolazi na posao vlakom.
Some of the questions were really difficult. Neka su pitanja bila jako teška.
Half of the class have been to Spain. Pola grupe bilo je u Španjolskoj.
None of us knew the answer. Nitko od nas nije znao odgovor.
Both of my sisters live abroad. Obje moje sestre žive u inozemstvu.
Monday or Tuesday? Either day is fine. U ponedjeljak ili u utorak? Oba dana mi odgovaraju.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ all us, ✗ both they → ✓ all of us, both of them. ✗ most the students → ✓ most of the students.

Provjeri se. Kako reći „Većina mojih prijatelja živi u Londonu“? Po čemu se razlikuje I have a few friends here od I have few friends here? Kako reći „nijedan od dvaju odgovora nije točan“?

prikaži odgovore
Most of my friends live in London; u prvoj rečenici prijatelji postoje, i to je dobro, u drugoj ih je malo — to je pritužba; Neither of the answers is right / Neither answer is right.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

of ondje gdje ne treba

✗ Most of students work

✓ Most students work

(studenti općenito) ili Most of the students in my group work (konkretni). Hrvatsko „većina studenata“ zvuči jednako u oba smisla, a „neki od studenata“ i „većina od njih“ navode na of. Ali englesko of traži iza sebe the, my ili zamjenicu.

2

the most u značenju „većina“

✗ The most of people prefer tea

✓ Most people prefer tea

the most je superlativ (A2 #8): the most expensive — „najskuplji“. Hrvatsko „najviše ljudi“ i „najveći dio“ zvuče kao superlativ, pa ruka stavi the.

3

Dvostruko nijekanje

✗ None of them didn't come → ✓ None of them came. ✗ Neither of us didn't know → ✓ Neither of us knew. Hrvatski kaže „nitko nije došao“ — nijekanje dvaput, i to je norma. U engleskom none i neither već niječu, i drugi not kvari rečenicu.

4

neither o troje i više

✗ Neither of my three brothers drives

✓ None of my three brothers drives

Hrvatsko „nijedan od“ ne razlikuje jesu li dvojica ili desetorica. Engleski razlikuje: o dvojici — neither, o više — none.

5

few umjesto a few

I have few friends here u značenju „ovdje imam nekoliko prijatelja“ — rečenica je ispravna, ali znači drugo: „prijatelja je malo“, pritužbu na samoću. U hrvatskom su „nekoliko“ i „malo“ različite riječi, a u engleskom razliku drži jedan kratki član koji se lako izgubi.

Izgovor

4 min

of je u tim izrazima nenaglašen — /əv/, a ispred suglasnika često samo /ə/. Naglasak pada na riječ za dio i na imenicu: MOST of the STUdents /ˈməʊst əv ðə ˈstjuːdnts/, SOME of them /ˈsʌm əv ðəm/. all of us stapa se u jednu riječ: /ˈɔːl əv əs/.

a u a few ne gutaj. /ə ˈfjuː/ prema /fjuː/: jedan slabi glas razlikuje „nekoliko“ od „malo“. Isto vrijedi za a little /ə ˈlɪtl/.

none se rimuje s one i sun: /nʌn/, a ne „non“. both — /bəʊθ/, s /θ/ na kraju, kao u think. either i neither imaju dva izgovora (B1 #6): /ˈaɪðə/ ili /ˈiːðə/, /ˈnaɪðə/ ili /ˈniːðə/.

U half se slovo l ne čita: /hɑːf/, kao u calm i walk.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

There are twelve of us in our Tuesday evening Spanish class, and last week our teacher gave us a short survey about our lives. Here are the results.

Most of us work full-time, and a few work part-time. None of us are students any more — the youngest person in the group is twenty-nine. Half of the class have been to Spain at least once, but only two people have lived there: Paul and Ruth. Both of them spent a year in Madrid, and neither of them wants to go back to an office job.

All of us have busy evenings, so homework is a problem. Some people do it on the train in the morning, and some hardly do it at all. Few of us practise speaking outside the class, and that's the biggest weakness of the group. We have a little time before the exam in June, so our teacher has a plan: every week, two of us are going to meet for a coffee and speak only Spanish. We'll meet on Mondays or Wednesdays — either day is fine for most people.

I asked my partner, Jenny, if she was nervous about the exam. "Not really," she said. "Most exams are easier than people think. And all of my friends who took it last year passed."

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. Most people in my street have a car
  2. Most the people I work with live outside London
  3. All us were tired after the trip
  4. Some children are afraid of the dark
  5. None my friends could come to the party
  6. Both them speak French
  7. Many students work part-time
  8. Some my colleagues work from home on Fridays
Prikaži odgovore
—; of; of; —; of; of; —; of

2. Umetni

  1. I've got friends in this town, so I'm never lonely
  2. Hurry up — we have very time
  3. Could I have milk in my tea, please?
  4. It's a difficult book, and people finish it
  5. The last train has gone, so there's hope of getting home tonight
  6. We stayed in Rome for days and then went to Florence
Prikaži odgovore
a few; little; a little; few; little; a few

3. Prepiši

  1. All the students passed the exam. (none)
  2. My two sisters live abroad. (both)
  3. My two sisters don't drive. (neither)
  4. I don't have any friends who speak German. (none)
  5. Nearly all my colleagues come to work by train. (most)
  6. We were all late. (all of)
Prikaži odgovore
None of the students passed the exam; Both of my sisters live abroad / Both my sisters live abroad / My sisters both live abroad; Neither of my sisters drives / Neither of my sisters drive; None of my friends speak German / None of my friends speaks German; Most of my colleagues come to work by train; All of us were late

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. Most of students in my group work.
  2. The most of people prefer tea.
  3. None of them didn't come to the meeting.
  4. All us have to hand in the project on Friday.
  5. Neither of my three brothers lives here.
  6. I have few friends here, so I'm never lonely.
  7. None students passed the exam.
Prikaži odgovore
Most students in my group work / Most of the students in my group work; Most people prefer tea; None of them came to the meeting; All of us have to hand in the project on Friday / We all have to hand in the project on Friday; None of my three brothers lives here / None of my three brothers live here; I have a few friends here, so I'm never lonely; No students passed the exam / None of the students passed the exam

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Većina mojih kolega živi izvan grada. 2) Nitko od nas nije znao odgovor. 3) Oba moja roditelja su učitelji. 4) Nije nam se svidio nijedan od ta dva hotela. 5) Imamo malo vremena — hajdemo popiti kavu. 6) Pola karata je već prodano.

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues live outside the city / Most of my colleagues live out of town; None of us knew the answer; Both of my parents are teachers / Both my parents are teachers / My parents are both teachers; We didn't like either of the hotels / We liked neither of the hotels; We've got a little time — let's have a coffee / We have a little time — let's have a coffee; Half of the tickets have already been sold / Half the tickets have already been sold

6. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o svojim kolegama, kolegama sa studija ili susjedima. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) How many of your colleagues or classmates work from home? 2) Do any of your friends live abroad? 3) How many of your neighbours do you know by name?

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues work from home on Fridays, but a few of them come in every day; Yes, two of my friends live abroad, but none of my family do; I know a few of them, but most of my neighbours are strangers to me
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: riječi za dio od all do none, pravilo za of (općenito — konkretna skupina), all of us i we all, none i no, trojka za dvoje — both, either, neither, a few prema few, a little prema little, slaganje glagola. Slijedi lekcija 26: opisati stvar i napisati recenziju.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 98

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

16 riječi
  • most /məʊst/ većina
  • half /hɑːf/ pola, polovica
  • none /nʌn/ nijedan, nitko
  • both /bəʊθ/ oba, obje
  • either of /ˈaɪðər əv/ bilo koji od dvaju
  • neither of /ˈnaɪðər əv/ nijedan od dvaju
  • a few /ə ˈfjuː/ nekoliko
  • few /fjuː/ malo, malobrojni
  • quite a few /ˌkwaɪt ə ˈfjuː/ prilično mnogo
  • survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ anketa
  • result /rɪˈzʌlt/ rezultat
  • full-time /ˌfʊl ˈtaɪm/ na puno radno vrijeme
  • part-time /ˌpɑːt ˈtaɪm/ na nepuno radno vrijeme
  • weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ slaba točka
  • at least /ət ˈliːst/ barem, najmanje
  • lonely /ˈləʊnli/ usamljen

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o skupini ljudi koju dobro poznaješ: kolegama, kolegama sa studija, obitelji. Barem pet različitih riječi za dio, jedna od njih — o dvjema osobama.

Uzorak

There are fifteen people in my team at work. Most of us live in the city, but a few of my colleagues come in from the countryside. Half of the team have children. None of us are older than fifty. Both of our managers speak French, and neither of them drives to work. Few of us take a proper lunch break — we're always too busy.

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Diktatna temelju ove lekcije Zapišite što čujete. Provjera pokazuje svaku riječ koja se razlikuje i kako. Pišite diktat Čitanje naglasna temelju ove lekcije Pročitajte tekst lekcije naglas — prepoznavanje govora označit će riječi koje nije uhvatilo. Čitajte tekst naglas Čitanje i slušanjeA1–C1 Tekstovi na svakoj razini s pitanjima za razumijevanje; transkript se otvara nakon odgovora. Probajte

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