Slovnica ~54 min jedra še preostane

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Po tej lekciji znate

Znam natančno povedati, koliko ljudi ali predmetov iz skupine nekaj počne.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 54 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

15 min

Na A2 #13 si povedal, koliko česa je: a lot of work, a few days, not much time. Zdaj je vprašanje drugo — kateri del skupine. „Večina mojih kolegov“, „nihče od nas“, „oba brata“, „nobena od obeh možnosti“, „polovica vstopnic“. V slovenščini tako besedo preprosto postavimo pred skupino v rodilniku. V angleščini ima vsaka beseda za delež dva načina gradnje, in izbira med njima je glavno pravilo lekcije.

Besede za delež. Od „vsi“ do „nihče“:

beseda delež primer
all vsi, vse All of my friends came to the party.
most večina Most of the guests left before midnight.
half polovica Half of the tickets have already gone.
many mnogi Many of my colleagues live outside London.
some nekateri, del Some of them work at weekends.
a few nekaj A few of us stayed to help.
none noben, nihče, nič None of the shops were open.

O dveh ljudeh ali predmetih govori posebna trojica:

beseda delež primer
both oba Both of my parents are teachers.
either katerikoli od dveh Either of these days is fine for me.
neither noben od dveh Neither of the answers is right.

Kdaj je potreben of. Besedo za delež lahko postaviš neposredno pred samostalnik: most people, some students, all children. Tako govorimo o ljudeh in stvareh na splošno — „večina ljudi“ na svetu, „vsi otroci“ kot taki. Če pa gre za konkretno, že znano skupino — the students, my friends, these books, us, them —, med besedo za delež in skupino stopi of:

na splošno — brez of konkretna skupina — z of
Most people like holidays. Most of the people in my street have a car.
Some students work at night. Some of my students work at night.
All children need sleep. All of us were tired.
No shops are open on Christmas Day. None of the shops were open.

Zakaj tako: of tu pomeni „izmed“. „Večina izmed tistih študentov, o katerih govorimo“ — most of the students. Če konkretne skupine ni, ni ničesar, izmed česar bi jemali, in of ne postavimo. Od tod preizkus: za of obvezno stoji the, my, these, those ali zaimek. Brez njih of ni potreben.

Z zaimkom je of potreben vedno: all of us, both of them, none of it, most of you.

all, both in half si smejo privoščiti svobodo: pred the in my lahko of izpustiš. all the students = all of the students, both my parents = both of my parents, half the class. Pri drugih besedah to ne gre: samo most of the students, some of my friends.

all in both za osebkom. Ti dve besedi lahko stojita tudi sredi povedi — tam kot prislovi pogostnosti (A1 #11): pred glavnim glagolom, a za be in za pomožnim glagolom. We all agreed. — „Vsi smo se strinjali.“ My parents are both teachers. — „Moja starša sta oba učitelja.“ The guests have all gone home.

none in no. no stoji neposredno pred samostalnikom: No students came. none — pred of ali čisto sam, v odgovoru: None of the students came. — How many tickets are left? — None. Obe besedi že nosita nikalnico, zato je glagol za njima trdilen: None of them came. V slovenščini v „nihče od njih ni prišel“ zanikamo dvakrat, v angleščini enkrat. Isti zakon kot pri neither … nor (B1 #6) in nobody (A2 #14).

Dva ali več. both, either, neither govorijo samo o dveh. Če je ljudi ali stvari tri ali več, so potrebni all, any, none: None of my three brothers lives here, ne neither. Za either in neither brez of stoji ednina: either day, neither answer. Z of — množina: neither of the answers.

not … either pomeni isto kot neither in v pogovoru zveni bolj domače: I don't like either of them = I like neither of them — „noben od njiju mi ni všeč“.

neither si že srečal v dveh drugih vlogah: neither … nor (B1 #6) in Neither do I (B1 #20). Tu je tretja vloga — „noben od dveh“.

a few in few, a little in little. Člen obrne oceno. a few (s števnimi) in a little (z neštevnimi) — „nekaj“, „malo, a dovolj“, in to zadošča. Brez a iste besede pomenijo „malo“, „skoraj nič“, in to je slabo.

I've got a few friends in Leeds, so I'm never lonely. nekaj — in to je dobro
I've got few friends in Leeds, so I'm often lonely. malo — pritožba
We've got a little time — let's have a coffee. malo, a je
We've got little time — hurry up. skoraj nič

V pogovoru few in little brez člena zvenita knjižno. Namesto njiju navadno rečemo not many, not much ali only a few: I haven't got many friends here. quite a few pa nasprotno pomeni „kar precej“: Quite a few of my colleagues cycle to work.

Glagol. Za most of, some of, all of, half of se glagol ravna po samostalniku za of: Most of the students are here, a Most of the money was spent. Če za of stoji skupinska beseda — class, team, family —, sta v britanski angleščini pravilni obe števili: Half of the class has been to Spain (razred kot celota) in Half of the class have been to Spain (ljudje v njem). Za none of, neither of in either of sta prav tako pravilni obe: None of us is perfect in None of us are perfect, Neither of them knows in Neither of them know. Ednina zveni strožje in v uradnem pisanju izberejo njo; množina je navadna v pogovoru. Napaka ni ne eno ne drugo.

Še primeri:

Most of my colleagues come to work by train. Večina mojih kolegov hodi v službo z vlakom.
Some of the questions were really difficult. Nekatera vprašanja so bila res težka.
Half of the class have been to Spain. Polovica skupine je že bila v Španiji.
None of us knew the answer. Nihče od nas ni vedel odgovora.
Both of my sisters live abroad. Obe moji sestri živita v tujini.
Monday or Tuesday? Either day is fine. V ponedeljek ali v torek? Kateri koli dan je v redu.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ all us, ✗ both they → ✓ all of us, both of them. ✗ most the students → ✓ most of the students.

Preveri se. Kako rečeš „Večina mojih prijateljev živi v Londonu“? V čem se I have a few friends here razlikuje od I have few friends here? Kako rečeš „noben od obeh odgovorov ni pravilen“?

prikaži odgovore
Most of my friends live in London; v prvem prijatelji so, in to je dobro, v drugem jih je malo — to je pritožba; Neither of the answers is right / Neither answer is right.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

of tam, kjer ni potreben

✗ Most of students work

✓ Most students work

(študenti na splošno) ali Most of the students in my group work (konkretni). „Večina študentov“ zveni enako v obeh pomenih, „nekateri od študentov“ pa kar kliče of. A angleški of zahteva za sabo the, my ali zaimek.

2

the most v pomenu „večina“

✗ The most of people prefer tea

✓ Most people prefer tea

the most je presežnik (A2 #8): the most expensive — „najdražji“. „Večina“ je v sorodu z „več“ in „največ“, zato roka doda the.

3

Dvojna nikalnica

✗ None of them didn't come → ✓ None of them came. ✗ Neither of us didn't know → ✓ Neither of us knew. „Nihče od njih ni prišel“ — v slovenščini zanikamo dvakrat, in to je pravilno. V angleščini none in neither že zanikata, drugi not poved pokvari.

4

neither o treh in več

✗ Neither of my three brothers drives

✓ None of my three brothers drives

Slovenski „noben od“ ne loči, ali sta dva ali jih je deset: „noben od obeh“, „noben od treh“. Angleščina loči: o dveh — neither, o več — none.

5

Glagol v ednini za most of

✗ Most of my friends lives in London

✓ Most of my friends live in London

V slovenščini se glagol ravna po „večina“: „večina prijateljev živi“. V angleščini gleda samostalnik za of: friends je množina.

6

few namesto a few

I have few friends here v pomenu „tu imam nekaj prijateljev“ — poved je pravilna, a pomeni drugo: „prijateljev je malo“, pritožbo nad osamljenostjo. „Nekaj“ in „malo“ sta različni besedi, v angleščini pa razliko nosi en kratek člen, ki se zlahka izgubi.

Izgovorjava

4 min

of je v teh zvezah nenaglašen — /əv/, pred soglasnikom pogosto samo /ə/. Naglas pade na besedo za delež in na samostalnik: MOST of the STUdents /ˈməʊst əv ðə ˈstjuːdnts/, SOME of them /ˈsʌm əv ðəm/. all of us se zlije v eno besedo: /ˈɔːl əv əs/.

a v a few ne pogoltni. /ə ˈfjuː/ proti /fjuː/: en šibek glas loči „nekaj“ od „malo“. Enako pri a little /ə ˈlɪtl/.

none se rimuje z one in sun: /nʌn/, ne „non“. both — /bəʊθ/, z /θ/ na koncu, kot v think. either in neither zvenita dvojno (B1 #6): /ˈaɪðə/ ali /ˈiːðə/, /ˈnaɪðə/ ali /ˈniːðə/.

V half se črka l ne izgovori: /hɑːf/, kot v calm in walk.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

There are twelve of us in our Tuesday evening Spanish class, and last week our teacher gave us a short survey about our lives. Here are the results.

Most of us work full-time, and a few work part-time. None of us are students any more — the youngest person in the group is twenty-nine. Half of the class have been to Spain at least once, but only two people have lived there: Paul and Ruth. Both of them spent a year in Madrid, and neither of them wants to go back to an office job.

All of us have busy evenings, so homework is a problem. Some people do it on the train in the morning, and some hardly do it at all. Few of us practise speaking outside the class, and that's the biggest weakness of the group. We have a little time before the exam in June, so our teacher has a plan: every week, two of us are going to meet for a coffee and speak only Spanish. We'll meet on Mondays or Wednesdays — either day is fine for most people.

I asked my partner, Jenny, if she was nervous about the exam. "Not really," she said. "Most exams are easier than people think. And all of my friends who took it last year passed."

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. Most people in my street have a car
  2. Most the people I work with live outside London
  3. All us were tired after the trip
  4. Some children are afraid of the dark
  5. None my friends could come to the party
  6. Both them speak French
  7. Many students work part-time
  8. Some my colleagues work from home on Fridays
Prikaži odgovore
—; of; of; —; of; of; —; of

2. Vstavi

  1. I've got friends in this town, so I'm never lonely
  2. Hurry up — we have very time
  3. Could I have milk in my tea, please?
  4. It's a difficult book, and people finish it
  5. The last train has gone, so there's hope of getting home tonight
  6. We stayed in Rome for days and then went to Florence
Prikaži odgovore
a few; little; a little; few; little; a few

3. Prepiši

  1. All the students passed the exam. (none)
  2. My two sisters live abroad. (both)
  3. My two sisters don't drive. (neither)
  4. I don't have any friends who speak German. (none)
  5. Nearly all my colleagues come to work by train. (most)
  6. We were all late. (all of)
Prikaži odgovore
None of the students passed the exam; Both of my sisters live abroad / Both my sisters live abroad / My sisters both live abroad; Neither of my sisters drives / Neither of my sisters drive; None of my friends speak German / None of my friends speaks German; Most of my colleagues come to work by train; All of us were late

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. Most of students in my group work.
  2. The most of people prefer tea.
  3. None of them didn't come to the meeting.
  4. All us have to hand in the project on Friday.
  5. Neither of my three brothers lives here.
  6. I have few friends here, so I'm never lonely.
  7. None students passed the exam.
Prikaži odgovore
Most students in my group work / Most of the students in my group work; Most people prefer tea; None of them came to the meeting; All of us have to hand in the project on Friday / We all have to hand in the project on Friday; None of my three brothers lives here / None of my three brothers live here; I have a few friends here, so I'm never lonely; No students passed the exam / None of the students passed the exam

5. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Večina mojih kolegov živi zunaj mesta. 2) Nihče od nas ni vedel odgovora. 3) Oba moja starša sta učitelja. 4) Noben od obeh hotelov nam ni bil všeč. 5) Imamo nekaj časa — spijmo kavo. 6) Polovica vstopnic je že prodana.

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues live outside the city / Most of my colleagues live out of town; None of us knew the answer; Both of my parents are teachers / Both my parents are teachers / My parents are both teachers; We didn't like either of the hotels / We liked neither of the hotels; We've got a little time — let's have a coffee / We have a little time — let's have a coffee; Half of the tickets have already been sold / Half the tickets have already been sold

6. Odgovori s celimi povedmi

— o svojih kolegih, sošolcih ali sosedih. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) How many of your colleagues or classmates work from home? 2) Do any of your friends live abroad? 3) How many of your neighbours do you know by name?

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues work from home on Fridays, but a few of them come in every day; Yes, two of my friends live abroad, but none of my family do; I know a few of them, but most of my neighbours are strangers to me
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: besede za delež od all do none, pravilo za of (na splošno — konkretna skupina), all of us in we all, none in no, trojica za dva — both, either, neither, a few proti few, a little proti little, ujemanje glagola. Sledi lekcija 26: opisati stvar in napisati oceno.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 98

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

16 besed
  • most /məʊst/ večina
  • half /hɑːf/ pol, polovica
  • none /nʌn/ noben, nihče
  • both /bəʊθ/ oba
  • either of /ˈaɪðər əv/ katerikoli od dveh
  • neither of /ˈnaɪðər əv/ noben od dveh
  • a few /ə ˈfjuː/ nekaj, nekoliko
  • few /fjuː/ malo, maloštevilni
  • quite a few /ˌkwaɪt ə ˈfjuː/ kar precej
  • survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ anketa
  • result /rɪˈzʌlt/ rezultat
  • full-time /ˌfʊl ˈtaɪm/ za polni delovni čas
  • part-time /ˌpɑːt ˈtaɪm/ za skrajšani delovni čas
  • weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ šibka točka
  • at least /ət ˈliːst/ vsaj, najmanj
  • lonely /ˈləʊnli/ osamljen

Pisanje

Šest povedi o skupini ljudi, ki jo dobro poznaš: kolegih, sošolcih, družini. Vsaj pet različnih besed za delež, ena od njih — o dveh ljudeh.

Zgled

There are fifteen people in my team at work. Most of us live in the city, but a few of my colleagues come in from the countryside. Half of the team have children. None of us are older than fifty. Both of our managers speak French, and neither of them drives to work. Few of us take a proper lunch break — we're always too busy.

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Vadite to lekcijo v drugih razdelkih

Diktatna podlagi te lekcije Zapišite, kar slišite. Preverjanje pokaže vsako besedo, ki se razlikuje, in kako. Napišite narek Branje na glasna podlagi te lekcije Preberite besedilo lekcije na glas — prepoznavanje govora označi besede, ki jih ni ujelo. Preberite besedilo na glas Branje in poslušanjeA1–C1 Besedila na vsaki ravni z vprašanji za razumevanje; prepis se odpre po odgovoru. Preizkusi

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