Gramatika ~54 min od osnove preostalo

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Mogu tačno da kažem koliko ljudi ili predmeta iz neke grupe nešto radi.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 54 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 #13 govorio si koliko čega ima: a lot of work, a few days, not much time. Sada je pitanje drugačije — koji deo grupe. „Većina mojih kolega“, „niko od nas“, „oba brata“, „nijedna od dve mogućnosti“, „pola karata“. Na srpskom se takva reč jednostavno stavi ispred grupe u genitivu ili sa „od“. U engleskom svaka reč za deo ima dva načina građenja, i izbor između njih je glavno pravilo lekcije.

Reči za deo. Od „svi“ do „niko“:

reč deo primer
all svi, sve All of my friends came to the party.
most većina Most of the guests left before midnight.
half pola, polovina Half of the tickets have already gone.
many mnogi Many of my colleagues live outside London.
some neki, deo Some of them work at weekends.
a few nekoliko A few of us stayed to help.
none nijedan, niko, ništa None of the shops were open.

Za dve osobe ili dva predmeta postoji posebna trojka:

reč deo primer
both oba, obe, oboje Both of my parents are teachers.
either bilo koji od dva Either of these days is fine for me.
neither nijedan od dva Neither of the answers is right.

Kada je potreban of. Reč za deo može da stoji direktno ispred imenice: most people, some students, all children. Tako se govori o ljudima i stvarima uopšte — „većina ljudi“ na svetu, „sva deca“ kao takva. A ako je reč o konkretnoj, već poznatoj grupi — the students, my friends, these books, us, them — između reči za deo i grupe dolazi of:

uopšte — bez of konkretna grupa — sa of
Most people like holidays. Most of the people in my street have a car.
Some students work at night. Some of my students work at night.
All children need sleep. All of us were tired.
No shops are open on Christmas Day. None of the shops were open.

Zašto je tako: of znači „od, iz“. „Većina od onih studenata o kojima govorimo“ — most of the students. Ako konkretne grupe nema, nema se iz čega uzimati, i of se ne stavlja. Odatle provera: posle of obavezno stoji the, my, these, those ili zamenica. Bez njih of nije potreban.

Uz zamenicu of je potreban uvek: all of us, both of them, none of it, most of you.

all, both i half imaju jednu slobodu: ispred the i my reč of sme da se izostavi. all the students = all of the students, both my parents = both of my parents, half the class. Kod ostalih reči to ne može: samo most of the students, some of my friends.

all i both posle podmeta. Ove dve reči mogu da stoje i u sredini rečenice — tamo gde i prilozi učestalosti (A1 #11): ispred glavnog glagola, ali posle be i pomoćnog glagola. We all agreed. — „Svi smo se složili.“ My parents are both teachers. — „Moji roditelji su oboje nastavnici.“ The guests have all gone home.

none i no. no stoji direktno ispred imenice: No students came. none — ispred of ili sasvim samo, u odgovoru: None of the students came. — How many tickets are left? — None. Obe reči već nose odricanje, pa je glagol posle njih potvrdan: None of them came. U srpskom „niko od njih nije došao“ odricanje se čuje dvaput, u engleskom — jednom. Isti zakon kao kod neither … nor (B1 #6) i nobody (A2 #14).

Dva ili više. both, either, neither govore samo o dvoje. Ako ljudi ili stvari ima tri i više, potrebni su all, any, none: None of my three brothers lives here, a ne neither. Posle either i neither bez of stoji jednina: either day, neither answer. Sa of — množina: neither of the answers.

not … either znači isto što i neither, a u razgovoru zvuči uobičajenije: I don't like either of them = I like neither of them — „ne sviđa mi se ni jedan ni drugi“.

neither si već sreo u dve druge uloge: neither … nor (B1 #6) i Neither do I (B1 #20). Ovde je treća uloga — „nijedan od dva“.

a few i few, a little i little. Član obrće ocenu. a few (uz brojive imenice) i a little (uz nebrojive) — „nekoliko“, „malo“, i to je dovoljno. Bez a iste reči znače „malo“, „skoro nimalo“, i to je loše.

I've got a few friends in Leeds, so I'm never lonely. nekoliko — i to je dobro
I've got few friends in Leeds, so I'm often lonely. malo — žalba
We've got a little time — let's have a coffee. malo, ali ima
We've got little time — hurry up. skoro nimalo

U razgovoru few i little bez člana zvuče knjiški. Umesto njih obično se kaže not many, not much ili only a few: I haven't got many friends here. A quite a few znači, naprotiv, „prilično mnogo“: Quite a few of my colleagues cycle to work.

Glagol. Posle most of, some of, all of, half of glagol se ravna prema imenici posle of: Most of the students are here, ali Most of the money was spent. Ako posle of stoji zbirna reč — class, team, family — u britanskom engleskom ispravna su oba broja: Half of the class has been to Spain (grupa kao celina) i Half of the class have been to Spain (ljudi u njoj). Posle none of, neither of i either of takođe su ispravna oba: None of us is perfect i None of us are perfect, Neither of them knows i Neither of them know. Jednina zvuči strože, i u zvaničnom pismu bira se ona; množina je obična u razgovoru. Greške nema ni u jednom ni u drugom.

Još primera:

Most of my colleagues come to work by train. Većina mojih kolega ide na posao vozom.
Some of the questions were really difficult. Neka pitanja su bila stvarno teška.
Half of the class have been to Spain. Pola grupe je bilo u Španiji.
None of us knew the answer. Niko od nas nije znao odgovor.
Both of my sisters live abroad. Obe moje sestre žive u inostranstvu.
Monday or Tuesday? Either day is fine. U ponedeljak ili u utorak? Bilo koji dan mi odgovara.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ all us, ✗ both they → ✓ all of us, both of them. ✗ most the students → ✓ most of the students.

Proveri se. Kako reći „Većina mojih prijatelja živi u Londonu“? Po čemu se razlikuje I have a few friends here od I have few friends here? Kako reći „nijedan od dva odgovora nije tačan“?

prikaži odgovore
Most of my friends live in London; u prvoj rečenici prijatelji postoje, i to je dobro, u drugoj ih je malo — to je žalba; Neither of the answers is right / Neither answer is right.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

of tamo gde nije potreban

✗ Most of students work

✓ Most students work

(studenti uopšte) ili Most of the students in my group work (konkretni). Srpsko „većina studenata“ zvuči isto u oba smisla, a „neki od studenata“, „većina od njih“ navode na of. Ali englesko of traži iza sebe the, my ili zamenicu.

2

the most u značenju „većina“

✗ The most of people prefer tea

✓ Most people prefer tea

the most je superlativ (A2 #8): the most expensive — „najskuplji“. Srpsko „najviše ljudi“ zvuči kao superlativ, pa ruka stavi the.

3

Dvostruko odricanje

✗ None of them didn't come → ✓ None of them came. ✗ Neither of us didn't know → ✓ Neither of us knew. Na srpskom „niko nije došao“ — odricanje dvaput, i to je norma. U engleskom none i neither već odriču, i drugo not kvari rečenicu.

4

neither o tri i više

✗ Neither of my three brothers drives

✓ None of my three brothers drives

Srpsko „nijedan od“ ne razlikuje da li ih je dvojica ili desetorica. Engleski razlikuje: o dvojici — neither, o više — none.

5

Izgubljeno a

We've got little time — let's have a coffee ne valja po smislu: little je „skoro nimalo“, a za kafu vremena ima — a little time. Isto tako I have few friends here znači „prijatelja je malo“, žalbu na samoću. Srpsko „malo vremena“ može da znači i „ima ga“ i „skoro ga nema“, a u engleskom razliku drži samo kratki član, koji se lako izgubi.

Izgovor

4 min

of je u ovim izrazima nenaglašen — /əv/, a ispred suglasnika često samo /ə/. Naglasak pada na reč za deo i na imenicu: MOST of the STUdents /ˈməʊst əv ðə ˈstjuːdnts/, SOME of them /ˈsʌm əv ðəm/. all of us se stapa u jednu reč: /ˈɔːl əv əs/.

a u a few ne gutaj. /ə ˈfjuː/ nasuprot /fjuː/: jedan slab glas razlikuje „nekoliko“ od „malo“. Isto važi za a little /ə ˈlɪtl/.

none se rimuje sa one i sun: /nʌn/, a ne „non“. both — /bəʊθ/, sa /θ/ na kraju, kao u think. either i neither imaju dva izgovora (B1 #6): /ˈaɪðə/ ili /ˈiːðə/, /ˈnaɪðə/ ili /ˈniːðə/.

U half se slovo l ne čita: /hɑːf/, kao u calm i walk.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

There are twelve of us in our Tuesday evening Spanish class, and last week our teacher gave us a short survey about our lives. Here are the results.

Most of us work full-time, and a few work part-time. None of us are students any more — the youngest person in the group is twenty-nine. Half of the class have been to Spain at least once, but only two people have lived there: Paul and Ruth. Both of them spent a year in Madrid, and neither of them wants to go back to an office job.

All of us have busy evenings, so homework is a problem. Some people do it on the train in the morning, and some hardly do it at all. Few of us practise speaking outside the class, and that's the biggest weakness of the group. We have a little time before the exam in June, so our teacher has a plan: every week, two of us are going to meet for a coffee and speak only Spanish. We'll meet on Mondays or Wednesdays — either day is fine for most people.

I asked my partner, Jenny, if she was nervous about the exam. "Not really," she said. "Most exams are easier than people think. And all of my friends who took it last year passed."

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. Most people in my street have a car
  2. Most the people I work with live outside London
  3. All us were tired after the trip
  4. Some children are afraid of the dark
  5. None my friends could come to the party
  6. Both them speak French
  7. Many students work part-time
  8. Some my colleagues work from home on Fridays
Prikaži odgovore
—; of; of; —; of; of; —; of

2. Upiši

  1. I've got friends in this town, so I'm never lonely
  2. Hurry up — we have very time
  3. Could I have milk in my tea, please?
  4. It's a difficult book, and people finish it
  5. The last train has gone, so there's hope of getting home tonight
  6. We stayed in Rome for days and then went to Florence
Prikaži odgovore
a few; little; a little; few; little; a few

3. Prepiši

  1. All the students passed the exam. (none)
  2. My two sisters live abroad. (both)
  3. My two sisters don't drive. (neither)
  4. I don't have any friends who speak German. (none)
  5. Nearly all my colleagues come to work by train. (most)
  6. We were all late. (all of)
Prikaži odgovore
None of the students passed the exam; Both of my sisters live abroad / Both my sisters live abroad / My sisters both live abroad; Neither of my sisters drives / Neither of my sisters drive; None of my friends speak German / None of my friends speaks German; Most of my colleagues come to work by train; All of us were late

4. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. Most of students in my group work.
  2. The most of people prefer tea.
  3. None of them didn't come to the meeting.
  4. All us have to hand in the project on Friday.
  5. Neither of my three brothers lives here.
  6. I have few friends here, so I'm never lonely.
  7. None students passed the exam.
Prikaži odgovore
Most students in my group work / Most of the students in my group work; Most people prefer tea; None of them came to the meeting; All of us have to hand in the project on Friday / We all have to hand in the project on Friday; None of my three brothers lives here / None of my three brothers live here; I have a few friends here, so I'm never lonely; No students passed the exam / None of the students passed the exam

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Većina mojih kolega živi van grada. 2) Niko od nas nije znao odgovor. 3) Oba moja roditelja su nastavnici. 4) Nijedan od ta dva hotela nam se nije dopao. 5) Imamo malo vremena — hajde da popijemo kafu. 6) Pola karata je već prodato.

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues live outside the city / Most of my colleagues live out of town; None of us knew the answer; Both of my parents are teachers / Both my parents are teachers / My parents are both teachers; We didn't like either of the hotels / We liked neither of the hotels; We've got a little time — let's have a coffee / We have a little time — let's have a coffee; Half of the tickets have already been sold / Half the tickets have already been sold

6. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o svojim kolegama sa posla ili sa studija ili o komšijama. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) How many of your colleagues or classmates work from home? 2) Do any of your friends live abroad? 3) How many of your neighbours do you know by name?

Prikaži odgovore
Most of my colleagues work from home on Fridays, but a few of them come in every day; Yes, two of my friends live abroad, but none of my family do; I know a few of them, but most of my neighbours are strangers to me
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: reči za deo od all do none, pravilo za of (uopšte — konkretna grupa), all of us i we all, none i no, trojka za dvoje — both, either, neither, a few nasuprot few, a little nasuprot little, slaganje glagola. Sledi lekcija 26: opisati stvar i napisati recenziju.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 98

opciono

Reči za špil

16 reči
  • most /məʊst/ većina
  • half /hɑːf/ pola, polovina
  • none /nʌn/ nijedan, niko
  • both /bəʊθ/ oba, obe
  • either of /ˈaɪðər əv/ bilo koji od dva
  • neither of /ˈnaɪðər əv/ nijedan od dva
  • a few /ə ˈfjuː/ nekoliko
  • few /fjuː/ malo, malobrojni
  • quite a few /ˌkwaɪt ə ˈfjuː/ prilično mnogo
  • survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ anketa
  • result /rɪˈzʌlt/ rezultat
  • full-time /ˌfʊl ˈtaɪm/ sa punim radnim vremenom
  • part-time /ˌpɑːt ˈtaɪm/ sa nepunim radnim vremenom
  • weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ slaba tačka
  • at least /ət ˈliːst/ bar, najmanje
  • lonely /ˈləʊnli/ usamljen

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o grupi ljudi koju dobro poznaješ: kolegama sa posla ili sa studija, porodici. Bar pet različitih reči za deo, jedna od njih — o dve osobe.

Primer

There are fifteen people in my team at work. Most of us live in the city, but a few of my colleagues come in from the countryside. Half of the team have children. None of us are older than fifty. Both of our managers speak French, and neither of them drives to work. Few of us take a proper lunch break — we're always too busy.

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Diktatna osnovu ove lekcije Zapišite ono što čujete. Provera pokazuje svaku reč koja se razlikuje i kako. Pišite diktat Čitanje naglasna osnovu ove lekcije Pročitajte tekst lekcije naglas — prepoznavanje govora ističe reči koje nije uhvatilo. Čitajte tekst naglas Čitanje i slušanjeA1–C1 Tekstovi na svakom nivou sa pitanjima za razumevanje; transkript se otvara nakon odgovora. Probajte

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