Gramatika ~55 min ng core ang natitira

Sabihin kung paano mismo

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong ilarawan nang eksakto ang isang kilos: paano, gaano, at kumpara kanino.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 55 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

16 min

Sa A2 #15, sinasagot ng pang-abay ang tanong na “paano?”: slowly, carefully, well, hard. Ngayon, tatlong pagpapatiyak: gaano (quite well, extremely carefully), kumpara kanino (more carefully than my brother) at saan nakalagay ang pang-abay sa pangungusap.

Mga pang-abay na panggaano — “gaano”. Nasa harap sila ng pang-uri o ng ibang pang-abay at ipinapakita nila ang lakas ng katangian:

lakas mga salita halimbawa
kaunti a bit, slightly I'm a bit tired. The soup is slightly salty.
katamtaman fairly, quite, rather, pretty The test was fairly easy.
malakas very, really, extremely She speaks extremely well.
lubos completely, totally, absolutely You're absolutely right.

Pang-usap ang a bit at halos laging tungkol sa hindi kanais-nais: a bit cold, a bit expensive, a bit late. Hindi karaniwang ginagamit ito sa mabuti: sa halip na “a bit good”, sinasabing quite good.

Kailangang bantayan ang quite sa British English. Kasama ng karaniwang pang-uri — good, big, tired, interesting — ang ibig sabihin nito ay “medyo, katamtaman”, madalas mas kaunti nang bahagya kaysa sa inaasahan: The film was quite good — “hindi masamang pelikula”, pero hindi kahanga-hanga. Kasama ng pang-uring “buo” na sa sarili nito — right, sure, true, impossible — ang ibig sabihin ng quite ay “lubos”: You're quite right — “tamang-tama kayo”. I'm not quite sure — “hindi ako lubos na sigurado”. Sa American English, mas mainit ang tunog ng quite good, halos “napakahusay” — at ito ang nakasanayan sa Pilipinas.

Ang rather ay “medyo” rin, pero may himig na “higit sa gusto natin” o “higit sa inaasahan”: It's rather cold today. The exam was rather difficult. Kasama ng mabuting salita, nagpapahayag ang rather ng kaaya-ayang pagkagulat: The food was rather good — “aba, masarap pala ang pagkain”.

Ang fairly ang pinakakalmado at pinakamahinang “medyo”: I know him fairly well. Ang pretty — pang-usap na “medyo”: It's pretty expensive. Huwag itong ipagkamali sa pang-uring pretty — “maganda, marikit”.

Ang completely at totally ay kadalasang kasama ng pandiwa, sa harap nito: I completely forgot. — “Tuluyan kong nakalimutan”. Pero hindi ginagamit ang very sa pandiwa: bago ang pandiwa, really; pagkatapos ng layon, very much: I really like this city, I like this city very much.

Paghahambing ng mga pang-abay. Inihahambing ang mga pang-abay sa parehong paraan ng mga pang-uri (A2 #7). Ang mahahabang pang-abay na may -ly ay kumukuha ng more at most, ang maiikli — ng hulapi:

pang-abay pahambing pasukdol
carefully more carefully most carefully
quickly more quickly most quickly
fast faster fastest
hard harder hardest
early earlier earliest
late later latest
well better best
badly worse worst
far further furthest

Ang maiikling pang-abay na walang -ly — fast, hard, late, early, soon — ay kumukuha ng -er, gaya ng mga pang-uri. Nagtatapos sa -ly ang early, pero hindi ito hulapi kundi bahagi ng salita, kaya earlier. Hindi regular ang well at badly — gaya ng good at bad.

Inihahambing gamit ang than: She drives more carefully than her brother. Pagkakapantay at di-pagkakapantay — as … as at not as … as, gaya ng sa mga pang-uri: He doesn't speak French as well as his wife.

Pagkatapos ng than at as, sa usapan ay inilalagay ang me, him, her: She sings better than me. Medyo mas maingat — kasama ang pandiwa: than I do, as he does. Parehong tama.

Sa usapan, madalas marinig ang Can you speak slower? o Come quicker! — ang maikling anyo sa halip na more slowly, more quickly. Ganito talaga magsalita ang mga tao, pero sa pagsulat at sa maingat na pananalita, gamitin ang more slowly.

Puwesto ng pang-abay. May tatlong puwesto ang pang-abay sa pangungusap, at nakadepende sa puwesto ang himig:

puwesto ano ang inilalagay doon halimbawa
sa dulo paano, saan, kailan He opened the door slowly.
sa gitna dalas, already, just, really, almost I really like it. She's already left.
sa simula panahon, pagtatasa ng nagsasalita Luckily, nobody was hurt.

Sa dulo ng pangungusap, sumusunod ang mga pang-abay sa ayos na “paano — saan — kailan”: She sang beautifully at the concert last night. Puwede ring ilagay sa gitna, bago ang pandiwa, ang pang-abay na pamaraan: He slowly opened the door — mas pampanitikan nang kaunti ang tunog ng pangungusap. Sa simula inilalagay ang mga salitang pagtatasa: Luckily, Unfortunately, Surprisingly, Honestly — “sa kabutihang-palad”, “sa kasamaang-palad”, “nakakagulat man”, “sa totoo lang”. Sa pagsulat, may kuwit pagkatapos ng mga ito.

Nananatili ang pangunahing pagbabawal mula sa A1 #7 at A2 #15: hindi puwedeng isingit ang pang-abay sa pagitan ng pandiwa at layon. Tama ang She speaks German well, hindi ✗ She speaks well German.

Paghambingin ang mga pares na binabago ng dalawang titik ang kahulugan:

She works hard. Masipag siya at nagtatrabaho nang husto.
She hardly works. Halos hindi siya nagtatrabaho (B1 #12).
The train arrived late. Nahuli ang dating ng tren.
I haven't seen him lately. Hindi ko siya nakikita nitong mga nakaraang araw.

Ang hardly at lately ay hindi mga pang-abay mula sa hard at late, kundi mga hiwalay na salita na may sariling kahulugan.

Iba pang halimbawa:

Could you speak more slowly, please? Pakibagalan po ninyo ang pagsasalita.
He drives more carefully than I do. Mas maingat siyang magmaneho kaysa sa akin.
Who works the hardest in your team? Sino sa team ninyo ang pinakamasipag magtrabaho?
I don't swim as well as my sister. Hindi ako kasinggaling lumangoy ng kapatid kong babae.
The hotel was quite good, but the food was rather disappointing. Hindi masama ang hotel, pero medyo nakakadismaya ang pagkain.
Unfortunately, the museum was closed. Sa kasamaang-palad, sarado ang museo.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ The water wasn't enough warm → ✓ The water wasn't warm enough. Nasa pagkatapos ng pang-uri at pang-abay ang enough (A2 #13): fast enough, well enough.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano hihilingin ang “Pakibagalan po ninyo ang pagsasalita”? Ano ang ibig sabihin sa British English ng The hotel was quite good? Saan ilalagay ang well sa She speaks German?

ipakita ang mga sagot
Could you speak more slowly, please?; hindi masama ang hotel, pero hanggang doon lang; sa dulo: She speaks German well.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Pang-abay sa pagitan ng pandiwa at layon

✗ He speaks well English

✗ I like very much tea

✓ He speaks English well

I like tea very much / I really like tea. Sa Tagalog, madalas mauna sa layon ang salitang nagsasabi kung paano o gaano: “mahusay mag-Ingles”, “gustong-gusto ko ang tsaa”. Sa Ingles, hindi pinaghihiwalay ang pandiwa at ang layon, at napupunta sa dulo ang pang-abay. At hindi kumakabit sa pandiwa ang very nang mag-isa (✗ I very like it): really bago ang pandiwa o very much pagkatapos ng layon.

2

more kasama ng -er

✗ more better

✗ more faster

✓ better

faster. Sa Filipino, laging “mas” ang nasa harap ng paghahambing (“mas magaling”, “mas mabilis”), kaya parang kulang ang better nang walang more. Pero nasa better at faster na ang “mas”: iisa lang ang paraan — hulapi o more.

3

Pang-uri sa halip na pang-abay sa paghahambing

✗ She drives more careful than her brother

✓ She drives more carefully than her brother

Iisang salita sa Tagalog ang “mas maingat na drayber” at “mas maingat magmaneho” (A2 #15). Sa Ingles, nananatili ang -ly kahit may more.

4

Amerikanong quite

Sa Pilipinas, American English ang nakasanayan, kaya naririnig ang The hotel was quite good bilang malaking papuri. Sa Britain, madalas “hindi masama, pero hanggang doon lang”. Kapag papuri ang gusto ninyo, sabihin ang really good o very good.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Magkaibang salita ang quite at quiet: quite /kwaɪt/ — isang pantig, “medyo”; quiet /ˈkwaɪət/ — dalawang pantig, “tahimik”.

Binabago ng diin sa quite good ang kahulugan. Kung bumababa ang boses sa quite — It was QUITE good, — “ganoon-ganoon lang, walang espesyal”. Kung nasa pang-uri — It was quite GOOD, — papuri ito: “talagang mahusay”.

Sa more carefully, nasa pang-abay ang diin: /mɔː ˈkeəfəli/. Walang diin ang more, pati ang than: /ðən/.

rather — /ˈrɑːðə/, may mahabang /ɑː/, gaya ng sa father. extremely — /ɪkˈstriːmli/, nasa ikalawang pantig ang diin.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

My sister Lucy and I took our driving tests in the same month, and the results surprised everyone.

Lucy usually learns things faster than I do. She had lessons twice a week and was driving quite well after a month. I was slower. I drove very carefully — too carefully, my instructor said. "You don't have to stop completely at every corner," he told me. "Just drive confidently."

On the day of the test I was extremely nervous, but luckily the examiner was friendly and the roads were fairly quiet. I made one small mistake: I parked rather badly outside the post office. Still, I passed.

Lucy did worse. She was driving too fast on a wet road and didn't see a cyclist in time. She stopped suddenly, and nobody was hurt, but she failed. Unfortunately, she had to wait six weeks for the next test.

The second time, she passed easily. Now she drives better than I do, honestly — more smoothly, more confidently and more often. But she still says that I park more carefully than anyone she knows. And that's quite true.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Bumuo ng anyong pahambing

  1. Could you speak (slowly), please?
  2. My sister sings (well) than I do
  3. He runs (fast) than anyone in his class
  4. I did (badly) in the second test than in the first
  5. We got up (early) than usual
  6. Please drive (carefully) — the roads are wet
  7. Which of you two lives (far) from the office?
Ipakita ang mga sagot
more slowly; better; faster; worse; earlier; more carefully; further / farther

2. Ilagay

  1. I'm tired, but I can carry on. (kaunti)
  2. The film was good — not great, but fine. (katamtaman)
  3. I forgot about the meeting. (lubos)
  4. She speaks Japanese well — better than anyone I know. (labis)
  5. The exam was difficult — harder than we'd expected. (higit sa gusto natin)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
a bit; quite; completely; extremely; rather

3. Pagsasaayos ng mga salita.

  1. English / he / well / speaks
  2. the door / opened / slowly / she
  3. really / I / this city / like
  4. nobody / luckily / was hurt
  5. she / at the concert / sang / last night / beautifully
  6. didn't / fast / he / enough / run
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He speaks English well; She opened the door slowly / She slowly opened the door; I really like this city; Luckily, nobody was hurt / Luckily nobody was hurt; She sang beautifully at the concert last night; He didn't run fast enough

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. He speaks very well English.
  2. I like very much Italian food.
  3. She drives more better than me.
  4. Could you speak slowlier, please?
  5. He works hardly — he's always the last to leave.
  6. The water wasn't enough warm for swimming.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He speaks English very well; I really like Italian food / I like Italian food very much; She drives better than me / She drives better than I do; Could you speak more slowly, please? / Could you speak slower, please?; He works hard — he's always the last to leave; The water wasn't warm enough for swimming

5. Pagsamahin

  1. Tom drives carefully. His brother drives less carefully. (than)
  2. Anna speaks French well. Her sister speaks it equally well. (as … as)
  3. I type fast. My colleague types faster. (not as … as)
  4. Kate arrived at nine. Mark arrived at ten. (than)
  5. I swim badly. My son swims well. (than)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Tom drives more carefully than his brother / Tom drives more carefully than his brother does; Anna speaks French as well as her sister / Anna speaks French as well as her sister does; I don't type as fast as my colleague / I don't type as fast as my colleague does; Kate arrived earlier than Mark / Kate arrived earlier than Mark did; My son swims better than me / My son swims better than I do

6. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Pakilakasan po ninyo nang kaunti ang pagsasalita. 2) Mas magaling siyang magmaneho kaysa sa akin. (lalaki) 3) Sa kasamaang-palad, tuluyan kong nakalimutan ang miting. 4) Gustong-gusto ko ang lungsod na ito. 5) Medyo mahirap ang eksamen, pero pumasa ako.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
Could you speak more loudly, please? / Could you speak louder, please?; He drives better than me / He drives better than I do; Unfortunately, I completely forgot about the meeting; I really like this city / I like this city very much; The exam was quite difficult, but I passed / The exam was rather difficult, but I passed / The exam was fairly difficult, but I passed

7. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong sarili. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) Who in your family drives the most carefully? 2) What can you do better now than five years ago? 3) What do you do really well?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
My father drives the most carefully — he never goes over the speed limit; I can speak English better now, and I cook better too; I make really good soup, and I'm extremely good at finding cheap flights
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: mga pang-abay na panggaano mula a bit hanggang completely, ang British na quite at rather, ang anyong pahambing at pasukdol ng mga pang-abay, than at as … as, ang tatlong puwesto ng pang-abay at ang ayos na “paano — saan — kailan”, hard at hardly, late at lately. Susunod — aralin 29: unawain ang di-kilalang salita mula sa mga bahagi nito.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 101

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

16 salita
  • quite /kwaɪt/ medyo
  • rather /ˈrɑːðə/ medyo (higit sa inaasahan)
  • fairly /ˈfeəli/ medyo, katamtaman
  • slightly /ˈslaɪtli/ bahagya
  • extremely /ɪkˈstriːmli/ lubha, labis
  • completely /kəmˈpliːtli/ lubos, ganap
  • confidently /ˈkɒnfɪdəntli/ nang may kumpiyansa
  • luckily /ˈlʌkɪli/ sa kabutihang-palad
  • unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli/ sa kasamaang-palad
  • suddenly /ˈsʌdnli/ bigla, biglang
  • smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/ nang banayad at tuloy-tuloy
  • driving test /ˈdraɪvɪŋ test/ eksamen sa pagmamaneho
  • instructor /ɪnˈstrʌktə/ instruktor, tagapagturo
  • examiner /ɪɡˈzæmɪnə/ tagasuri (sa eksamen)
  • cyclist /ˈsaɪklɪst/ siklista
  • in time /ɪn ˈtaɪm/ sa oras, umabot

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap tungkol sa isang bagay na pinag-aralan ninyo: lumangoy, magmaneho, tumugtog ng instrumento, magsalita ng isang wika. Paano ito naging para sa inyo, kumpara kanino, ano ang ginagawa ninyo ngayon. Kahit dalawang pang-abay na panggaano, isang paghahambing na may than at isa na may as … as.

Halimbawa

I learnt to swim quite late, at the age of twelve. My younger brother learnt faster than I did, and he still swims better than me. At first I swam very slowly and rather badly. Luckily, our teacher was extremely patient. Now I swim fairly well, but I don't swim as fast as my brother. Honestly, I don't mind.

Checklist

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Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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