Grammatika ~60 min tuumikust jäänud

Seletada, kuidas seda tehakse

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan kirjeldada protsessi või reeglit, nimetamata seda, kes tegutseb.

Alusta tundi Tuum 60 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

16 min

A2 #19 tunnis oli passiiv valmis väljendite kogum: is included, was built, I was born. Nüüd saab sellest süsteem. Sa oskad panna passiivi iga ajavormi, mida tead, ja kirjeldada terve protsessi — kuidas leiba küpsetatakse, kuidas avaldusi kontrollitakse, mida majaga tehti —, ilma et kordagi nimetaksid seda, kes tööd tegi.

Vorm: be vajalikus ajavormis + kolmas vorm. Kolmas vorm ei muutu kunagi, aega kannab ainult be. Seepärast moodustatakse passiiv kahe sammuga: kõigepealt otsusta, millist ajavormi on vaja, siis pane be sellesse ajavormi ja lisa kolmas vorm.

ajavorm passiiv eesti keeles
Present Simple Coffee is grown in Brazil. Kohvi kasvatatakse Brasiilias.
Present Continuous The road is being repaired. Teed remonditakse praegu.
Past Simple The bridge was built in 1890. Sild ehitati 1890. aastal.
Past Continuous The car was being washed when I arrived. Kui ma kohale jõudsin, pesti parajasti autot.
Present Perfect Our flight has been cancelled. Meie lend on tühistatud.
Past Perfect All the tickets had been sold. Kõik piletid olid juba müüdud.
will The results will be published on Friday. Tulemused avaldatakse reedel.
going to The old cinema is going to be sold. Vana kino müüakse maha.
modaalverb The form must be signed. Blankett tuleb allkirjastada.

Kõige sagedamini aetakse segi kaks sõna: being seisab kestvates ajavormides (is being repaired — remonditakse just praegu), been — perfektis (has been repaired — on juba remonditud).

Eitus ja küsimus moodustatakse selle ajavormi reeglite järgi, milles be seisab. not tuleb esimese abiverbi järele, küsimuses tuleb esimene abiverb ette. do-d pole passiivis vaja: tema tööd teeb be.

eitus The room isn't cleaned on Sundays.
küsimus Is the room cleaned every day?
küsimussõnaga küsimus When was the bridge built?
perfekt Has the road been repaired yet? — No, it hasn't.

Miks inglise keel vajab passiivi. Eesti keeles on selleks umbisikuline tegumood: „siin ehitatakse kooli“, „kohvi kasvatatakse Brasiilias“ — alust pole, ja kõigile on selge, et tegutsevad mingid inimesed. Inglise lausel on alus kohustuslik. Kui tegija on teadmata või tähtsusetu, tehakse aluseks ese ja verb pannakse passiivi. Seepärast on passiiv inglise keeles väga sage, eriti juhendites, teadaannetes ja uudistes, — umbes seal, kus eesti keel kasutab umbisikulist vormi.

Millal valitakse passiiv.

Tegija on teadmata: My bike was stolen last night. Kes varastas — seda ei tea keegi.

Tegija on tähtsusetu või niigi selge: The office is cleaned every evening. He was arrested at the airport. Selge, et vahistas politsei.

Kirjeldatakse protsessi või reeglit: First the flour is weighed, then it is mixed with water. Applications are checked within two weeks. Tähtsad on sammud, mitte inimesed.

by — kes tegi. Tegijat nimetatakse by abil ainult siis, kui ta on tähtis või kuulajale uus: This bridge was designed by a famous engineer. Enamikus passiivilausetes by-d üldse pole.

Passiiv kahe sihitisega. Verbidel give, send, offer, show, pay on kaks sihitist — kellele ja mida. Passiivis saab aluseks tavaliselt inimene: They gave me a form → I was given a form. Variant A form was given to me on samuti õige, kuid kõlab raamatulikumalt.

Passiiv on ainult eset vajaval verbil. Passiiv pöörab lause ümber: see, millega midagi tehti, saab aluseks. Kui verbil pole eset, pole midagi ümber pöörata. happen, arrive, die, fall, appear ei tee millegagi midagi, ja passiivi neil pole: What happened?, mitte ✗ What was happened? Kontroll on lihtne: kui saab küsida „mida?“ või „keda?“ — mida ehitati, keda vahistati —, on passiiv võimalik. Kui ei saa — pole.

Kaks verbipaari näitavad seda reeglit eriti selgelt. Igas paaris üks verb tegutseb ise, teine — millegagi. Passiiv on ainult teisel.

tähendus tegevus passiiv
lie — lay — lain lamama I lay in bed until ten. puudub
lay — laid — laid panema She laid the papers on the desk. The papers were laid on the desk.
rise — rose — risen tõusma (ise) Prices have risen again. puudub
raise — raised — raised tõstma (midagi) The shop has raised its prices. Prices have been raised.

Lõks on selles, et lay on nii „panema“ kui ka „lamama“ minevikuvorm: I lay in bed — „ma lamasin“. „Lamama“ -ing-vorm on lying, „panema“ oma — laying.

Võrdle. Üks ja sama hinnauudis kõlab erinevalt:

Prices rose last year. Hinnad tõusid — iseenesest, turu tõttu.
Prices were raised last year. Hindu tõsteti — keegi otsustas nii.

Passiivi taga on alati nähtamatu tegija, rise aga ei ütle tegija kohta midagi.

Veel näiteid:

Breakfast is served from seven to ten. Hommikusööki pakutakse seitsmest kümneni.
Mobile phones must be switched off. Mobiiltelefonid tuleb välja lülitada.
The museum is visited by two million people a year. Muuseumi külastab aastas kaks miljonit inimest.
I was given a map at the entrance. Mulle anti sissepääsu juures kaart.
The baby was laid gently in the cot. Beebi pandi ettevaatlikult võrevoodisse.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ He rose his hand → ✓ He raised his hand. Kätt tõstetakse, verbil on ese — järelikult raise.

Kontrolli ennast. Kuidas öelda passiivis They are repairing the road? Miks ei saa öelda Prices were risen ja kuidas on õige? „Ta heitis diivanile pikali“ — She lay down või She laid down?

näita vastuseid
The road is being repaired; rise-il pole eset, ja passiivi tal ei ole: Prices rose, aga kui hindu keegi tõstis — Prices were raised; She lay down on the sofa — lay on siin lie minevikuvorm.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

Vale vorm be järel

✗ It was build in 1890

✗ The window was broke

✓ It was built in 1890

The window was broken. Eesti „ehitati“ on üks sõna, inglise passiivis on aga kaks: be ja kolmas vorm, ja tundub, et be järel sobib iga „minevikuline“ vorm või algvorm. Reeglipärastel verbidel on teine ja kolmas vorm tõesti samad (was opened), ebareeglipärastel aga erinevad — ja just neis peitub viga.

2

Lause algab kohaga, alus jääb verbi taha

✗ In this factory are made cars

✗ Here is being built a new school

✓ Cars are made in this factory

A new school is being built here. Eesti umbisikuline lause („selles tehases toodetakse autosid“) alust ei vaja: see algab kohaga, verb on teisel kohal ja ese selle järel. Inglise passiivis on ese alus ja seisab verbi ees. Kõnes sobib ka They make cars in this factory — they-ga, mille taga pole kedagi kindlat.

3

being ja been

✗ The road is been repaired

✓ The road is being repaired

(remonditakse praegu) või The road has been repaired (on juba remonditud). Eesti „teed remonditakse“ tähendab nii „praegu“ kui ka „tavaliselt“, ja being jääb kas ära või muutub kõrva järgi sarnaseks been-iks. The road is repaired ei ütle, et töö käib praegu: praeguse tegevuse kohta on vaja being.

4

„On ehitatud“ aastaarvuga

✗ The house has been built in 1975

✓ The house was built in 1975

„Maja on ehitatud 1975. aastal“ on eesti keeles täiesti tavaline, ja on … -tud tõlgitakse kergesti perfektiga. Kui aeg on nimetatud (in 1975, last year), on inglise keeles Past Simple; has been sobib ilma ajata: Our flight has been cancelled.

Hääldus

4 min

be on rõhuta, rõhk on kolmandal vormil. It was built in 1890 — /ɪt wəz ˈbɪlt/, The road has been closed — /həz bɪn ˈkləʊzd/. was, has, been sulavad lühikeseks rõhutuks silbiks, ja kõrv peab toetuma põhiverbile.

being ja been erinevad silpide arvu poolest. being /ˈbiːɪŋ/ — kaks silpi, been /biːn/, kiires kõnes /bɪn/ — üks. is being repaired /ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ rɪˈpeəd/ versus has been repaired /həz bɪn rɪˈpeəd/.

lie, lay, laid erinevad täishääliku poolest: lie /laɪ/ — nagu sõnas my; lay /leɪ/ — nagu sõnas day; laid /leɪd/ — sama häälik, lõpus /d/.

rise ja raise lõpevad /z/-ga, mitte /s/-ga: rise /raɪz/, rose /rəʊz/, risen /ˈrɪzn/; raise /reɪz/, raised /reɪzd/.

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Tekst

5 min

Our bakery is in a small market town in Yorkshire. It has been run by the same family since 1952, and every loaf is still made by hand. Customers often ask how it is done, so here is the whole process.

The work starts at four in the morning. First, the flour is weighed and mixed with water, salt and yeast. The dough is then covered with a cloth and left in a warm place, and over the next two hours it slowly rises. While it is rising, the ovens are heated. Next, the dough is cut into pieces, and each piece is shaped by hand. The loaves are laid on long wooden trays and baked for about forty minutes. Then they are left by an open window to cool.

By seven o'clock the first bread has been delivered to three local cafés, and at eight the shop is opened.

This week the kitchen is being repainted, so fewer loaves are being baked than usual. And there is one more piece of news. Last year the price of flour rose sharply, so our prices had to be raised by ten pence a loaf. We were worried, but so far nobody has complained.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

35 min

1. Lünkharjutus.

  1. Coffee (grow) in Brazil and Colombia
  2. The road (repair) at the moment, so take the other way
  3. This bridge (build) in 1890
  4. Our flight (cancel), so we're staying another night
  5. The results (publish) next Friday
  6. When we got to the cinema, all the tickets (sell)
  7. This form must (sign) by both parents
  8. The car (wash) when I arrived, so I waited outside
Näita vastuseid
is grown; is being repaired; was built; has been cancelled; will be published; had been sold / had already been sold; be signed; was being washed

2. Teisenda passiiviks.

  1. Somebody stole my bike last night.
  2. They clean the office every evening.
  3. They are building a new school near our house.
  4. Someone has broken the kitchen window.
  5. They will announce the winner tomorrow.
  6. You must switch off mobile phones during the exam.
Näita vastuseid
My bike was stolen last night; The office is cleaned every evening; A new school is being built near our house; The kitchen window has been broken; The winner will be announced tomorrow; Mobile phones must be switched off during the exam

3. Pane lie, lay, rise või raise

  1. Yesterday I in bed until eleven
  2. She the baby on the bed and closed the door quietly
  3. Prices have again this year
  4. If you have a question, please your hand
  5. The dog was in the sun all afternoon
  6. Last month our rent by fifty pounds. (üürileandja otsustas nii)
  7. In June the sun before five
  8. The new carpet on Monday, so please don't walk on it yet. (see pandi maha)
Näita vastuseid
lay; laid; risen; raise; lying; was raised; rises; was laid

4. Teisenda

  1. The bridge was built in 1890. (küsimus sõnaga when)
  2. The room is cleaned every day. (eitus)
  3. The road has been repaired. (üldküsimus sõnaga yet)
  4. The results will be published tomorrow. (eitus)
Näita vastuseid
When was the bridge built?; The room isn't cleaned every day / The room is not cleaned every day; Has the road been repaired yet?; The results won't be published tomorrow / The results will not be published tomorrow

5. Vea leidmine.

  1. This house was build in 1890.
  2. What was happened last night?
  3. I was laying on the sofa when the phone rang.
  4. He rose his hand and asked a question.
  5. The road is been repaired, so the buses are late.
  6. Prices were risen twice last year.
  7. In this shop is sold fresh bread every morning.
Näita vastuseid
This house was built in 1890; What happened last night?; I was lying on the sofa when the phone rang; He raised his hand and asked a question; The road is being repaired, so the buses are late; Prices rose twice last year / Prices were raised twice last year; In this shop fresh bread is sold every morning / Fresh bread is sold in this shop every morning / This shop sells fresh bread every morning / They sell fresh bread in this shop every morning / In this shop they sell fresh bread every morning

6. Kirjuta ümber, alustades inimesest.

  1. They gave me a form at the entrance.
  2. They showed us the way to the station.
  3. They have offered her a job in London.
Näita vastuseid
I was given a form at the entrance; We were shown the way to the station; She has been offered a job in London

7. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) See sild ehitati 1890. aastal. 2) Minu autot remonditakse praegu. 3) Mis juhtus? — Mul varastati jalgratas. 4) Hinnad on jälle tõusnud. 5) Mulle anti sissepääsu juures kaart. 6) Eile lamasin terve päeva voodis.

Näita vastuseid
This bridge was built in 1890; My car is being repaired at the moment / My car is being repaired now; What happened? — My bike has been stolen / What happened? — My bike was stolen; Prices have risen again; I was given a map at the entrance; I lay in bed all day yesterday

8. Jutusta, kuidas seda tehakse.

Kirjelda viie-kuue lausega protsessi, mida hästi tunned: kuidas valmistatakse sinu lemmiktoitu, kuidas saadetakse pakki, kuidas eksam läbi viiakse. Tegijat ära nimeta; sõnad first, then, next, after that aitavad järjekorda hoida.

Näidis: First the potatoes are washed and cut into pieces. Then they are boiled in salted water for twenty minutes. After that the water is poured away, and butter and milk are added. The potatoes are mashed with a fork. The dish is served hot.

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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: passiiv kõigis tuttavates ajavormides ja modaalverbidega, eitus ja küsimus passiivis, being ja been, kolm põhjust valida passiiv, by, passiiv kahe sihitisega; passiiv ainult eset vajaval verbil — paarid lie ja lay, rise ja raise. Edasi — 14. tund: teenuse tellimine.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 86

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

18 sõna
  • lie /laɪ/ lamama
  • lay /leɪ/ panema, asetama
  • rise /raɪz/ tõusma
  • raise /reɪz/ tõstma
  • bakery /ˈbeɪkəri/ pagariäri
  • loaf /ləʊf/ päts
  • flour /ˈflaʊə/ jahu
  • dough /dəʊ/ tainas
  • yeast /jiːst/ pärm
  • weigh /weɪ/ kaaluma
  • oven /ˈʌvn/ ahi
  • tray /treɪ/ ahjuplaat
  • by hand /baɪ ˈhænd/ käsitsi
  • sharply /ˈʃɑːpli/ järsult
  • publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ avaldama
  • steal /stiːl/ varastama
  • sign /saɪn/ allkirjastama
  • announce /əˈnaʊns/ teatama, välja kuulutama

Kirjutamine

Kuus lauset hoonest, mida hästi tunned, või sellest, kuidas sinu linnas midagi tehakse: millal see ehitati, mida sellega tehti, mida tehakse praegu, mida tehakse hiljem. Vähemalt neli eri ajavormi passiivis.

Näidis

The library in our town was built in 1905. It was badly damaged in a fire in the sixties, and the roof had to be replaced. Since then it has been repaired twice. At the moment the reading room is being painted, so it is closed to visitors. It will be opened again next month. The building is visited by hundreds of people every week.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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