语法 剩余核心内容 ~60 分钟

说明事情是怎么做的

完成本课后你将能够

能描述一个过程或者一条规定，而不说出是谁做的。

开始课程 核心 60 分钟 · 步骤：6 · 可选：+2

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。

语法

16 分钟

在 A2 第19课，被动语态只是一些现成的说法：is included、was built、I was born。现在它要变成一个体系。你将能把学过的任何时态变成被动语态，并描述整个过程——面包是怎么烤的，申请是怎么审核的，房子被做了哪些处理——却一次也不提干活的人是谁。

形式：适当时态的 be + 动词的第三种形式。 第三种形式永远不变，时态全由 be 来承担。所以被动语态分两步构成：先决定需要什么时态，再把 be 变成这个时态，后面加上第三种形式。

时态 被动语态 中文
Present Simple Coffee is grown in Brazil. 巴西种植咖啡。
Present Continuous The road is being repaired. 这条路正在维修。
Past Simple The bridge was built in 1890. 这座桥建于1890年。
Past Continuous The car was being washed when I arrived. 我到的时候，车正在被清洗。
Present Perfect Our flight has been cancelled. 我们的航班被取消了。
Past Perfect All the tickets had been sold. 票已经全部卖完了。
will The results will be published on Friday. 结果将在星期五公布。
going to The old cinema is going to be sold. 那家老电影院要被卖掉了。
情态动词 The form must be signed. 表格必须签字。

最容易混淆的是两个词：being 用在进行时里（is being repaired——此刻正在修），been 用在完成时里（has been repaired——已经修好了）。

否定和疑问 按照 be 所在时态的规则构成。not 放在第一个助动词后面，疑问句里第一个助动词移到主语前面。被动语态里不需要 do：它的工作由 be 来做。

否定 The room isn't cleaned on Sundays.
疑问 Is the room cleaned every day?
特殊疑问 When was the bridge built?
完成时 Has the road been repaired yet? — No, it hasn't.

为什么英语需要被动语态。 汉语可以说“这里在建一所学校”“巴西种咖啡”——不提是谁在做，大家也明白做事的是某些人；也可以说“桥是1890年建的”“票卖完了”——东西作主语，却不用“被”。“被”字句汉语里也有，但用得少得多，多半用于不如意的事：“自行车被偷了”。英语句子则必须有主语。如果动作的执行者不知道或者不重要，就让东西作主语，动词用被动语态。所以英语里的被动语态比汉语的“被”字句多得多，尤其是在说明书、通知和新闻里。

什么时候用被动语态。

执行者不知道：My bike was stolen last night. 谁偷的——没人知道。

执行者不重要，或者不说也清楚：The office is cleaned every evening. He was arrested at the airport. 很清楚，是警察逮捕的。

描述过程或者规定：First the flour is weighed, then it is mixed with water. Applications are checked within two weeks. 重要的是步骤，而不是人。

by——谁做的。 只有当执行者重要，或者对听话人来说是新信息时，才用 by 说出来： This bridge was designed by a famous engineer. 大多数被动句里根本没有 by。

有两个宾语的被动语态。 give、send、offer、show、pay 有两个宾语——给谁和给什么。被动语态里一般让人作主语：They gave me a form → I was given a form. A form was given to me 也对，但听起来更书面。

只有带宾语的动词才有被动语态。 被动语态把句子翻过来：受动作的东西变成主语。如果动词没有宾语，就没有什么可以翻过来的。happen、arrive、die、fall、appear 不对任何东西做任何事，所以没有被动语态：要说 What happened?，而不是 ✗ What was happened? 检验方法很简单：如果能问“什么？”或者 “谁？”——建了什么，逮捕了谁——就可以用被动语态。如果不能问，就不行。

有两对动词特别清楚地说明了这条规则。每一对里，一个动词是自己的动作，另一个作用于某个东西。只有第二个有被动语态。

意思 动作 被动语态
lie — lay — lain 躺，平放着 I lay in bed until ten. 没有
lay — laid — laid 放，摆放 She laid the papers on the desk. The papers were laid on the desk.
rise — rose — risen 上升，升起（自己） Prices have risen again. 没有
raise — raised — raised 提高，举起（某物） The shop has raised its prices. Prices have been raised.

陷阱在于：lay 既是“放”，又是“躺”的过去式：I lay in bed——“我躺在床上”。“躺”的 -ing 形式是 lying，“放”的是 laying。

比较一下。 同一条关于价格的新闻，说法不同，意思也不同：

Prices rose last year. 价格涨了——自己涨的，由于市场。
Prices were raised last year. 价格被提高了——有人这样决定的。

被动语态后面总有一个看不见的执行者，而 rise 对执行者什么也没说。

更多例句：

Breakfast is served from seven to ten. 早餐供应时间是七点到十点。
Mobile phones must be switched off. 手机必须关机。
The museum is visited by two million people a year. 这座博物馆每年有两百万人参观。
I was given a map at the entrance. 在入口处有人给了我一张地图。
The baby was laid gently in the cot. 婴儿被轻轻地放进了小床。

不能这样说。 ✗ He rose his hand → ✓ He raised his hand。手是被人举起来的，动词有宾语——所以要用 raise。

自我检测。 They are repairing the road 用被动语态怎么说？为什么不能说 Prices were risen，正确的说法是什么？“她在沙发上躺下了”是 She lay down 还是 She laid down？

显示答案
The road is being repaired; rise 没有宾语，所以没有被动语态：Prices rose，如果价格是有人提高的——Prices were raised; She lay down on the sofa——这里的 lay 是 lie 的过去式。
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中文母语者的常见错误

已针对你的语言编写
1

不用被动形式。

✗ The bridge built in 1890，✗ The road is repairing → ✓ The bridge was built in 1890，The road is being repaired。汉语说“桥是1890年建的”“路正在修”，东西作主语，动词却没有任何变化。英语里主语是受动作的东西，就必须用 be + 第三种形式。

2

把地点当主语。

✗ Here is building a new school，✗ In this shop sells fresh bread → ✓ A new school is being built here，Fresh bread is sold in this shop。“这里在建一所新学校” “这家店里卖新鲜面包”，地点放在句首，像是主语。英语里地点不能作主语，要让东西作主语，用被动语态；口语里也可以说 They sell fresh bread in this shop，they 不指具体的人。

3

不及物动词用被动。

✗ What was happened?，✗ Prices were risen，✗ He was died in 1950 → ✓ What happened?，Prices rose，He died in 1950。“他是1950年去世的”里的“是”很容易变成 was； “发生”“上涨”又像是落到人或东西身上的事。可是 happen、rise、die 没有宾语，所以没有被动语态。

4

受害人作主语。

✗ I was stolen my bike

✓ My bike was stolen

。汉语说“我被偷了自行车”，受害人作主语，被偷的东西放在后面。英语被动句的主语是被偷的东西本身；I was stolen 的意思是 “我本人被偷走了”。

5

be 后面的形式不对。

✗ It was build in 1890，✗ The road is been repaired → ✓ It was built in 1890，The road is being repaired（正在修）/ has been repaired（已经修好）。汉语动词没有词形变化，有了 was 就觉得够了。being 和 been 写法、读音都相近，可是汉语靠 “正在”“已经”区分的意思，英语正是靠 is being 和 has been 区分。

发音

4 分钟

be 不重读，重音在第三种形式上。 It was built in 1890——/ɪt wəz ˈbɪlt/， The road has been closed——/həz bɪn ˈkləʊzd/。was、has、been 合成一个短促的非重读音节，听的时候要抓住实义动词。

being 和 been 的音节数不同。 being /ˈbiːɪŋ/——两个音节，been /biːn/，在快速口语里读 /bɪn/——一个音节。is being repaired /ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ rɪˈpeəd/ 对比 has been repaired /həz bɪn rɪˈpeəd/。

lie、lay、laid 靠元音区分： lie /laɪ/——和 my 里一样；lay /leɪ/——和 day 里一样； laid /leɪd/——同一个音，结尾加 /d/。

rise 和 raise 的结尾是 /z/，不是 /s/： rise /raɪz/，rose /rəʊz/，risen /ˈrɪzn/；raise /reɪz/，raised /reɪzd/。

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课文

5 分钟

Our bakery is in a small market town in Yorkshire. It has been run by the same family since 1952, and every loaf is still made by hand. Customers often ask how it is done, so here is the whole process.

The work starts at four in the morning. First, the flour is weighed and mixed with water, salt and yeast. The dough is then covered with a cloth and left in a warm place, and over the next two hours it slowly rises. While it is rising, the ovens are heated. Next, the dough is cut into pieces, and each piece is shaped by hand. The loaves are laid on long wooden trays and baked for about forty minutes. Then they are left by an open window to cool.

By seven o'clock the first bread has been delivered to three local cafés, and at eight the shop is opened.

This week the kitchen is being repainted, so fewer loaves are being baked than usual. And there is one more piece of news. Last year the price of flour rose sharply, so our prices had to be raised by ten pence a loaf. We were worried, but so far nobody has complained.

朗读

练习

35 分钟

1. 填空。

  1. Coffee (grow) in Brazil and Colombia
  2. The road (repair) at the moment, so take the other way
  3. This bridge (build) in 1890
  4. Our flight (cancel), so we're staying another night
  5. The results (publish) next Friday
  6. When we got to the cinema, all the tickets (sell)
  7. This form must (sign) by both parents
  8. The car (wash) when I arrived, so I waited outside
显示答案
is grown; is being repaired; was built; has been cancelled; will be published; had been sold / had already been sold; be signed; was being washed

2. 改成被动语态。

  1. Somebody stole my bike last night.
  2. They clean the office every evening.
  3. They are building a new school near our house.
  4. Someone has broken the kitchen window.
  5. They will announce the winner tomorrow.
  6. You must switch off mobile phones during the exam.
显示答案
My bike was stolen last night; The office is cleaned every evening; A new school is being built near our house; The kitchen window has been broken; The winner will be announced tomorrow; Mobile phones must be switched off during the exam

3. 用 lie、lay、rise 或 raise

  1. Yesterday I in bed until eleven
  2. She the baby on the bed and closed the door quietly
  3. Prices have again this year
  4. If you have a question, please your hand
  5. The dog was in the sun all afternoon
  6. Last month our rent by fifty pounds.（房东这样决定的）
  7. In June the sun before five
  8. The new carpet on Monday, so please don't walk on it yet.（是别人铺的）
显示答案
lay; laid; risen; raise; lying; was raised; rises; was laid

4. 按括号里的提示改写。

  1. The bridge was built in 1890. (用 when 提问)
  2. The room is cleaned every day. (否定)
  3. The road has been repaired. (带 yet 的一般疑问句)
  4. The results will be published tomorrow. (否定)
显示答案
When was the bridge built?; The room isn't cleaned every day / The room is not cleaned every day; Has the road been repaired yet?; The results won't be published tomorrow / The results will not be published tomorrow

5. 找出错误并改正。

  1. This house was build in 1890.
  2. What was happened last night?
  3. I was laying on the sofa when the phone rang.
  4. He rose his hand and asked a question.
  5. The road is been repaired, so the buses are late.
  6. Prices were risen twice last year.
  7. In this shop sell fresh bread every morning.
显示答案
This house was built in 1890; What happened last night?; I was lying on the sofa when the phone rang; He raised his hand and asked a question; The road is being repaired, so the buses are late; Prices rose twice last year / Prices were raised twice last year; Fresh bread is sold in this shop every morning / In this shop fresh bread is sold every morning / This shop sells fresh bread every morning / They sell fresh bread in this shop every morning / In this shop they sell fresh bread every morning

6. 改写，用人开头。

  1. They gave me a form at the entrance.
  2. They showed us the way to the station.
  3. They have offered her a job in London.
显示答案
I was given a form at the entrance; We were shown the way to the station; She has been offered a job in London

7. 译成英语。

1) 这座桥是1890年建的。 2) 我的车正在修。 3) 出什么事了？——我的自行车被偷了。 4) 价格又涨了。 5) 在入口处有人给了我一张地图。 6) 昨天我在床上躺了一整天。

显示答案
This bridge was built in 1890; My car is being repaired at the moment / My car is being repaired now; What happened? — My bike has been stolen / What happened? — My bike was stolen; Prices have risen again; I was given a map at the entrance; I lay in bed all day yesterday

8. 说说这件事是怎么做的。

用五六个句子描述一个你熟悉的过程：你最喜欢的菜是怎么做的，包裹是怎么寄出的，考试是怎么进行的。不要说出执行者；first、then、next、after that 这些词能帮你理清顺序。

范例：First the potatoes are washed and cut into pieces. Then they are boiled in salted water for twenty minutes. After that the water is poured away, and butter and milk are added. The potatoes are mashed with a fork. The dish is served hot.

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小结

本课已学：所有学过的时态和情态动词的被动语态，被动语态的否定和疑问，being 和 been，选择被动语态的三个理由，by，有两个宾语的被动语态；只有带宾语的动词才有被动语态——lie 和 lay、rise 和 raise 这两对。下一课——第14课：预约服务。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 86 课

可选

词卡词汇

18 词
  • lie /laɪ/ 躺，平放着
  • lay /leɪ/ 放，摆放
  • rise /raɪz/ 上升，升起
  • raise /reɪz/ 提高，举起
  • bakery /ˈbeɪkəri/ 面包店
  • loaf /ləʊf/ 一条（面包）
  • flour /ˈflaʊə/ 面粉
  • dough /dəʊ/ 面团
  • yeast /jiːst/ 酵母
  • weigh /weɪ/ 称（重量）
  • oven /ˈʌvn/ 烤箱，烤炉
  • tray /treɪ/ 烤盘
  • by hand /baɪ ˈhænd/ 手工
  • sharply /ˈʃɑːpli/ 急剧地
  • publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ 公布，出版
  • steal /stiːl/ 偷
  • sign /saɪn/ 签字，签名
  • announce /əˈnaʊns/ 宣布

写作

写六个句子，说说一座你很熟悉的建筑，或者你的城市里某件事是怎么做的：什么时候建的，后来对它做了什么，现在正在做什么，以后会做什么。至少用四种不同时态的被动语态。

范例： The library in our town was built in 1905. It was badly damaged in a fire in the sixties, and the roof had to be replaced. Since then it has been repaired twice. At the moment the reading room is being painted, so it is closed to visitors. It will be opened again next month. The building is visited by hundreds of people every week.

检查清单：be 后面用的是第三种形式吗？进行时里用 being，完成时里用 been 吗？happen、rise、 lie、arrive 没有用被动语态吧？by 只用在执行者重要的地方吗？

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在其他板块练习本课内容

听写基于本课 写下您听到的内容。检查会显示每个不同的单词及其差异。 听写练习 朗读基于本课 朗读课程文本——语音识别会高亮未识别的单词。 朗读课文 阅读与听力A1–C1 各水平文本附理解题；回答后即可查看文本。 立即试用

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