Gramatika ~60 min jezgre preostalo

Objasniti kako se to radi

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu opisati postupak ili pravilo, a da ne kažem tko to radi.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 60 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

16 min

Na A2 #19 pasiv je bio skup gotovih izraza: is included, was built, I was born. Sada postaje sustav. Moći ćeš staviti u pasiv svako vrijeme koje znaš i opisati cijeli postupak — kako se peče kruh, kako se provjeravaju zahtjevi, što je učinjeno s kućom — a da ni jednom ne kažeš tko je radio.

Oblik: be u potrebnom vremenu + treći oblik glagola. Treći se oblik nikad ne mijenja, vrijeme nosi samo be. Zato se pasiv gradi u dva koraka: najprije odluči koje ti vrijeme treba, zatim stavi be u to vrijeme i dodaj treći oblik.

vrijeme pasiv na hrvatskom
Present Simple Coffee is grown in Brazil. Kava se uzgaja u Brazilu.
Present Continuous The road is being repaired. Cesta se upravo popravlja.
Past Simple The bridge was built in 1890. Most je sagrađen 1890.
Past Continuous The car was being washed when I arrived. Kad sam stigao, auto su upravo prali.
Present Perfect Our flight has been cancelled. Naš je let otkazan.
Past Perfect All the tickets had been sold. Sve su ulaznice već bile rasprodane.
will The results will be published on Friday. Rezultati će biti objavljeni u petak.
going to The old cinema is going to be sold. Staro će kino biti prodano.
modalni glagol The form must be signed. Obrazac se mora potpisati.

Dvije se riječi najčešće miješaju: being stoji u trajnim oblicima (is being repaired — popravljaju je upravo sada), been — u perfektu (has been repaired — već je popravljena).

Niječnica i pitanje grade se po pravilima onog vremena u kojem stoji be. not dolazi iza prvog pomoćnog glagola, a u pitanju prvi pomoćni glagol izlazi naprijed. do u pasivu nije potreban: njegov posao obavlja be.

niječnica The room isn't cleaned on Sundays.
pitanje Is the room cleaned every day?
pitanje s upitnom riječju When was the bridge built?
perfekt Has the road been repaired yet? — No, it hasn't.

Zašto engleskom treba pasiv. Hrvatski može reći „ovdje grade školu“ ili „kava se uzgaja u Brazilu“ — bez onoga tko radi, i svima je jasno da rade neki ljudi. U engleskom rečenica obavezno ima subjekt. Ako je onaj tko radi nepoznat ili nevažan, subjektom postaje predmet, a glagol ide u pasiv. Ondje gdje hrvatski kaže „grade“, „gradi se“ ili „sagrađen je“, engleski uzima pasiv. Zato ga u engleskom ima mnogo više nego hrvatskog pasiva s „biti“, osobito u uputama, obavijestima i vijestima.

Kada se bira pasiv.

Onaj tko radi nije poznat: My bike was stolen last night. Tko ga je ukrao — nitko ne zna.

Onaj tko radi nije važan ili je ionako jasan: The office is cleaned every evening. He was arrested at the airport. Jasno je da ga je uhitila policija.

Opisuje se postupak ili pravilo: First the flour is weighed, then it is mixed with water. Applications are checked within two weeks. Važni su koraci, a ne ljudi.

by — tko je to učinio. Onaj tko radi imenuje se preko by samo ako je važan ili nov za slušatelja: This bridge was designed by a famous engineer. U većini pasivnih rečenica by uopće nema.

Pasiv s dva objekta. give, send, offer, show, pay imaju dva objekta — kome i što. Subjektom u pasivu obično postaje osoba: They gave me a form → I was given a form. Inačica A form was given to me također je točna, ali zvuči knjiški.

Pasiv ima samo glagol s predmetom. Pasiv okreće rečenicu: ono na što se djelovalo postaje subjekt. Ako glagol nema predmeta, nema se što okrenuti. happen, arrive, die, fall, appear ni s čim ništa ne čine i pasiva nemaju: What happened?, a ne ✗ What was happened? Provjera je jednostavna: ako se može pitati „što?“ ili „koga?“ — što su sagradili, koga su uhitili — pasiv je moguć. Ako ne može — nije.

Dva para glagola to pravilo pokazuju osobito jasno. U svakom paru jedan glagol djeluje sam, a drugi na predmet. Pasiv ima samo drugi.

značenje radnja pasiv
lie — lay — lain ležati I lay in bed until ten. nema
lay — laid — laid položiti, staviti She laid the papers on the desk. The papers were laid on the desk.
rise — rose — risen dizati se (samo) Prices have risen again. nema
raise — raised — raised dizati, podići (nešto) The shop has raised its prices. Prices have been raised.

Zamka je u tome što je lay i „položiti“ i prošlo vrijeme od „ležati“: I lay in bed — „ležao sam“. Oblik na -ing od „ležati“ je lying, od „položiti“ — laying.

Usporedi. Ista vijest o cijenama zvuči različito:

Prices rose last year. Cijene su porasle — same od sebe, zbog tržišta.
Prices were raised last year. Cijene su podignute — netko je tako odlučio.

Iza pasiva uvijek stoji nevidljivi izvršitelj, a rise o izvršitelju ne govori ništa.

Još primjera:

Breakfast is served from seven to ten. Doručak se poslužuje od sedam do deset.
Mobile phones must be switched off. Mobiteli moraju biti isključeni.
The museum is visited by two million people a year. Muzej godišnje posjeti dva milijuna ljudi.
I was given a map at the entrance. Na ulazu su mi dali plan.
The baby was laid gently in the cot. Bebu su nježno položili u krevetić.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ He rose his hand → ✓ He raised his hand. Ruku netko podiže, glagol ima predmet — znači, raise.

Provjeri se. Kako reći u pasivu They are repairing the road? Zašto se ne može reći Prices were risen i kako je točno? „Legla je na kauč“ — She lay down ili She laid down?

prikaži odgovore
The road is being repaired; rise nema predmeta, pa nema ni pasiva: Prices rose, a ako je cijene netko podigao — Prices were raised; She lay down on the sofa — lay je ovdje prošlo vrijeme od lie.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Pogrešan oblik iza be

✗ It was build in 1890

✗ The window was broke

✓ It was built in 1890

The window was broken. Kod pravilnih glagola drugi i treći oblik su isti (was opened), pa se čini da iza be ide bilo koji „prošli“ oblik. Kod nepravilnih se razlikuju, i baš u njima živi pogreška.

2

is umjesto was

✗ This bridge is built in 1890

✓ This bridge was built in 1890

„Most je sagrađen 1890.“ — u hrvatskom stoji sadašnje „je“, pa se prevede kao is. U engleskom vrijeme nosi be: što je učinjeno u prošlosti — was, were.

3

Rečenica bez subjekta ili sa subjektom na kraju

✗ In this factory make cars

✗ In this factory are made cars

✓ Cars are made in this factory

„U ovoj tvornici prave automobile“ i „U ovoj se tvornici prave automobili“ — dobre su hrvatske rečenice: u prvoj nema subjekta, u drugoj je na kraju. Engleskoj treba subjekt ispred glagola. U razgovoru može i They make cars in this factory — s they, iza kojeg ne stoji nitko određen.

4

Pasiv glagola bez predmeta

✗ What was happened?

✗ He was died in 1950

✗ Prices were risen

✓ What happened?

He died in 1950, Prices rose. Hrvatski perfekt gradi se s „biti“: „umro je“, „cijene su porasle“. Zato was + treći oblik zvuči kao poznati obrazac. Ali engleski Past Simple nema be, a pasiv imaju samo glagoli s predmetom.

5

rise i raise, lie i lay

✗ Prices raised again → ✓ Prices rose again; ✗ I was laying on the beach → ✓ I was lying on the beach. „Dizati se“ i „dizati“ u hrvatskom su isti glagol, razlikuje ih samo „se“, pa se za oba uzme raise. U engleskom su to dva glagola. „Ležati“ i „položiti“ su različite riječi, ali lay postoji u oba engleska glagola.

6

been umjesto being

✗ The road is been repaired

✓ The road is being repaired

(popravlja se sada) ili The road has been repaired (već je popravljena). Riječi zvuče slično, a u hrvatskom razliku nosi oblik glagola: „popravlja se“ — „popravljena je“. U engleskom je nosi par is being — has been.

Izgovor

4 min

Veza je nenaglašena, naglasak je na trećem obliku. It was built in 1890 — /ɪt wəz ˈbɪlt/, The road has been closed — /həz bɪn ˈkləʊzd/. was, has, been stapaju se u kratak nenaglašen slog, i na sluh se treba osloniti na glavni glagol.

being i been razlikuju se brojem slogova. being /ˈbiːɪŋ/ — dva sloga, been /biːn/, u brzom govoru /bɪn/ — jedan. is being repaired /ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ rɪˈpeəd/ prema has been repaired /həz bɪn rɪˈpeəd/.

lie, lay, laid razlikuju se samoglasnikom: lie /laɪ/ — kao u my; lay /leɪ/ — kao u day; laid /leɪd/ — isti glas s /d/ na kraju.

rise i raise završavaju na /z/, a ne na /s/: rise /raɪz/, rose /rəʊz/, risen /ˈrɪzn/; raise /reɪz/, raised /reɪzd/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Our bakery is in a small market town in Yorkshire. It has been run by the same family since 1952, and every loaf is still made by hand. Customers often ask how it is done, so here is the whole process.

The work starts at four in the morning. First, the flour is weighed and mixed with water, salt and yeast. The dough is then covered with a cloth and left in a warm place, and over the next two hours it slowly rises. While it is rising, the ovens are heated. Next, the dough is cut into pieces, and each piece is shaped by hand. The loaves are laid on long wooden trays and baked for about forty minutes. Then they are left by an open window to cool.

By seven o'clock the first bread has been delivered to three local cafés, and at eight the shop is opened.

This week the kitchen is being repainted, so fewer loaves are being baked than usual. And there is one more piece of news. Last year the price of flour rose sharply, so our prices had to be raised by ten pence a loaf. We were worried, but so far nobody has complained.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

35 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. Coffee (grow) in Brazil and Colombia
  2. The road (repair) at the moment, so take the other way
  3. This bridge (build) in 1890
  4. Our flight (cancel), so we're staying another night
  5. The results (publish) next Friday
  6. When we got to the cinema, all the tickets (sell)
  7. This form must (sign) by both parents
  8. The car (wash) when I arrived, so I waited outside
Prikaži odgovore
is grown; is being repaired; was built; has been cancelled; will be published; had been sold / had already been sold; be signed; was being washed

2. Preoblikuj u pasiv.

  1. Somebody stole my bike last night.
  2. They clean the office every evening.
  3. They are building a new school near our house.
  4. Someone has broken the kitchen window.
  5. They will announce the winner tomorrow.
  6. You must switch off mobile phones during the exam.
Prikaži odgovore
My bike was stolen last night; The office is cleaned every evening; A new school is being built near our house; The kitchen window has been broken; The winner will be announced tomorrow; Mobile phones must be switched off during the exam

3. Umetni lie, lay, rise ili raise

  1. Yesterday I in bed until eleven
  2. She the baby on the bed and closed the door quietly
  3. Prices have again this year
  4. If you have a question, please your hand
  5. The dog was in the sun all afternoon
  6. Last month our rent by fifty pounds. (stanodavac je tako odlučio)
  7. In June the sun before five
  8. The new carpet on Monday, so please don't walk on it yet. (netko ga je položio)
Prikaži odgovore
lay; laid; risen; raise; lying; was raised; rises; was laid

4. Preoblikuj

  1. The bridge was built in 1890. (pitanje s when)
  2. The room is cleaned every day. (niječnica)
  3. The road has been repaired. (pitanje s yet)
  4. The results will be published tomorrow. (niječnica)
Prikaži odgovore
When was the bridge built?; The room isn't cleaned every day / The room is not cleaned every day; Has the road been repaired yet?; The results won't be published tomorrow / The results will not be published tomorrow

5. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. This house was build in 1890.
  2. What was happened last night?
  3. I was laying on the sofa when the phone rang.
  4. He rose his hand and asked a question.
  5. The road is been repaired, so the buses are late.
  6. Prices were risen twice last year.
  7. In this shop sell fresh bread every morning.
Prikaži odgovore
This house was built in 1890; What happened last night?; I was lying on the sofa when the phone rang; He raised his hand and asked a question; The road is being repaired, so the buses are late; Prices rose twice last year / Prices were raised twice last year; Fresh bread is sold in this shop every morning / In this shop fresh bread is sold every morning / This shop sells fresh bread every morning / They sell fresh bread in this shop every morning / In this shop they sell fresh bread every morning

6. Prepiši tako da počneš osobom.

  1. They gave me a form at the entrance.
  2. They showed us the way to the station.
  3. They have offered her a job in London.
Prikaži odgovore
I was given a form at the entrance; We were shown the way to the station; She has been offered a job in London

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Ovaj je most sagrađen 1890. 2) Moj se auto upravo popravlja. 3) Što se dogodilo? — Ukrali su mi bicikl. 4) Cijene su opet porasle. 5) Na ulazu su mi dali plan. 6) Jučer sam cijeli dan proležao u krevetu.

Prikaži odgovore
This bridge was built in 1890; My car is being repaired at the moment / My car is being repaired now; What happened? — My bike has been stolen / What happened? — My bike was stolen; Prices have risen again; I was given a map at the entrance; I lay in bed all day yesterday

8. Ispričaj kako se to radi.

Opiši u pet-šest rečenica postupak koji dobro poznaješ: kako se priprema tvoje omiljeno jelo, kako se šalje paket, kako izgleda ispit. Onoga tko radi ne imenuj; riječi first, then, next, after that pomoći će ti držati redoslijed.

Uzorak: First the potatoes are washed and cut into pieces. Then they are boiled in salted water for twenty minutes. After that the water is poured away, and butter and milk are added. The potatoes are mashed with a fork. The dish is served hot.

Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: pasiv u svim poznatim vremenima i s modalnim glagolima, niječnica i pitanje u pasivu, being i been, tri razloga za pasiv, by, pasiv s dva objekta; pasiv samo kod glagola s predmetom — parovi lie i lay, rise i raise. Slijedi lekcija 14: naručiti uslugu.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 86

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

18 riječi
  • lie /laɪ/ ležati
  • lay /leɪ/ položiti, staviti
  • rise /raɪz/ dizati se, rasti
  • raise /reɪz/ dizati, podići
  • bakery /ˈbeɪkəri/ pekarnica
  • loaf /ləʊf/ štruca (kruha)
  • flour /ˈflaʊə/ brašno
  • dough /dəʊ/ tijesto
  • yeast /jiːst/ kvasac
  • weigh /weɪ/ vagati
  • oven /ˈʌvn/ pećnica, peć
  • tray /treɪ/ lim za pečenje
  • by hand /baɪ ˈhænd/ ručno
  • sharply /ˈʃɑːpli/ naglo, oštro
  • publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ objaviti
  • steal /stiːl/ ukrasti
  • sign /saɪn/ potpisati
  • announce /əˈnaʊns/ objaviti, najaviti

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o zgradi koju dobro poznaješ ili o tome kako se nešto radi u tvom gradu: kada je sagrađena, što je s njom učinjeno, što se radi sada, što će se raditi poslije. Barem četiri različita vremena u pasivu.

Uzorak

The library in our town was built in 1905. It was badly damaged in a fire in the sixties, and the roof had to be replaced. Since then it has been repaired twice. At the moment the reading room is being painted, so it is closed to visitors. It will be opened again next month. The building is visited by hundreds of people every week.

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