Gramatika ~60 min od osnove preostalo

Objasniti kako se to radi

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu da opišem postupak ili pravilo, a da ne kažem ko to radi.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 60 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

16 min

Na A2 #19 pasiv je bio skup gotovih izraza: is included, was built, I was born. Sada postaje sistem. Moći ćeš da staviš u pasiv svako vreme koje znaš i da opišeš ceo postupak — kako se peče hleb, kako se proveravaju prijave, šta je urađeno sa kućom — a da nijednom ne kažeš ko je radio.

Oblik: be u potrebnom vremenu + treći oblik glagola. Treći oblik se nikad ne menja, vreme nosi samo be. Zato se pasiv gradi u dva koraka: prvo odluči koje ti vreme treba, zatim stavi be u to vreme i dodaj treći oblik.

vreme pasiv na srpskom
Present Simple Coffee is grown in Brazil. Kafa se gaji u Brazilu.
Present Continuous The road is being repaired. Put se upravo popravlja.
Past Simple The bridge was built in 1890. Most je sagrađen 1890. godine.
Past Continuous The car was being washed when I arrived. Kad sam stigao, auto su upravo prali.
Present Perfect Our flight has been cancelled. Naš let je otkazan.
Past Perfect All the tickets had been sold. Sve karte su već bile prodate.
will The results will be published on Friday. Rezultati će biti objavljeni u petak.
going to The old cinema is going to be sold. Stari bioskop će biti prodat.
modalni glagol The form must be signed. Obrazac mora da se potpiše.

Dve reči se mešaju najčešće: being stoji u trajnim vremenima (is being repaired — popravljaju ga upravo sada), been — u perfektu (has been repaired — već je popravljen).

Odrična rečenica i pitanje grade se po pravilima onog vremena u kom stoji be. not dolazi posle prvog pomoćnog glagola, a u pitanju prvi pomoćni glagol izlazi napred. do u pasivu nije potreban: njegov posao radi be.

odrična rečenica The room isn't cleaned on Sundays.
pitanje Is the room cleaned every day?
pitanje sa upitnom reči When was the bridge built?
perfekat Has the road been repaired yet? — No, it hasn't.

Zašto je engleskom potreban pasiv. Na srpskom može da se kaže „ovde grade školu“ ili „kafa se gaji u Brazilu“ — bez onoga ko radi, i svima je jasno da rade neki ljudi. U engleskom rečenica obavezno ima podmet. Ako je onaj ko radi nepoznat ili nevažan, podmet postaje predmet radnje, a glagol ide u pasiv. Tamo gde srpski kaže „grade“, „gradi se“ ili „sagrađen je“, engleski uzima pasiv. Zato je pasiva u engleskom mnogo više nego srpskog pasiva sa „biti“, posebno u uputstvima, obaveštenjima i vestima.

Kada se bira pasiv.

Onaj ko radi je nepoznat: My bike was stolen last night. Ko ga je ukrao — niko ne zna.

Onaj ko radi je nevažan ili ionako jasan: The office is cleaned every evening. He was arrested at the airport. Jasno je da ga je uhapsila policija.

Opisuje se postupak ili pravilo: First the flour is weighed, then it is mixed with water. Applications are checked within two weeks. Važni su koraci, a ne ljudi.

by — ko je to uradio. Onaj ko radi se imenuje preko by samo ako je važan ili nov za slušaoca: This bridge was designed by a famous engineer. U većini pasivnih rečenica by uopšte nema.

Pasiv sa dva objekta. give, send, offer, show, pay imaju dva objekta — kome i šta. Podmet u pasivu obično postaje osoba: They gave me a form → I was given a form. Varijanta A form was given to me je takođe tačna, ali zvuči knjiški.

Pasiv ima samo glagol sa objektom. Pasiv okreće rečenicu: ono na šta se delovalo postaje podmet. Ako glagol nema objekat, nema šta da se okrene. happen, arrive, die, fall, appear ni sa čim ništa ne rade, i pasiva nemaju: What happened?, a ne ✗ What was happened? To su neprelazni glagoli iz srpske gramatike. Provera je jednostavna: ako može da se pita „šta?“ ili „koga?“ — šta su sagradili, koga su uhapsili — pasiv je moguć. Ako ne može — nije.

Dva para glagola pokazuju to pravilo posebno jasno. U svakom paru jedan glagol radi sam, a drugi — na nešto. Pasiv ima samo drugi.

značenje radnja pasiv
lie — lay — lain ležati I lay in bed until ten. nema
lay — laid — laid staviti, položiti She laid the papers on the desk. The papers were laid on the desk.
rise — rose — risen dizati se, rasti (samo) Prices have risen again. nema
raise — raised — raised podići (nešto) The shop has raised its prices. Prices have been raised.

Zamka je u tome što je lay i „staviti“ i prošlo vreme od „ležati“: I lay in bed — „ležao sam“. Oblik na -ing od „ležati“ je lying, od „staviti“ — laying.

Uporedi. Ista vest o cenama zvuči različito:

Prices rose last year. Cene su porasle — same, zbog tržišta.
Prices were raised last year. Cene su podignute — neko je tako odlučio.

Iza pasiva uvek stoji nevidljivi izvršilac, a rise o izvršiocu ne govori ništa.

Još primera:

Breakfast is served from seven to ten. Doručak se služi od sedam do deset.
Mobile phones must be switched off. Mobilni telefoni moraju da se isključe.
The museum is visited by two million people a year. Muzej godišnje poseti dva miliona ljudi.
I was given a map at the entrance. Na ulazu su mi dali mapu.
The baby was laid gently in the cot. Bebu su nežno položili u krevetac.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ He rose his hand → ✓ He raised his hand. Ruku neko podiže, glagol ima objekat — znači, raise.

Proveri se. Kako se u pasivu kaže They are repairing the road? Zašto ne može Prices were risen i kako je tačno? „Legla je na kauč“ — She lay down ili She laid down?

prikaži odgovore
The road is being repaired; rise nema objekat, pa nema ni pasiv: Prices rose, a ako je cene neko podigao — Prices were raised; She lay down on the sofa — lay je ovde prošlo vreme od lie.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Pogrešan oblik posle be

✗ It was build in 1890

✗ The window was broke

✓ It was built in 1890

The window was broken. Kod pravilnih glagola drugi i treći oblik se poklapaju (was opened), pa izgleda da posle be ide bilo koji „prošli“ oblik. Kod nepravilnih se razlikuju, i baš u njima živi greška.

2

is umesto was

✗ This bridge is built in 1890

✓ This bridge was built in 1890

U „most je sagrađen 1890.“ stoji sadašnje „je“, pa se prevede kao is. U engleskom vreme nosi be: ono što je urađeno u prošlosti — was, were. Isto važi i za perfekat: „let je otkazan“ o današnjem letu — has been cancelled.

3

Rečenica bez podmeta ili sa podmetom na kraju

✗ In this factory make cars

✗ Here is being built a new school

✓ Cars are made in this factory

A new school is being built here. „U ovoj fabrici prave automobile“ i „ovde se gradi nova škola“ su dobre srpske rečenice: u prvoj podmeta nema, u drugoj je na kraju. Engleskom treba podmet ispred glagola. U razgovoru može i They make cars in this factory — sa they, iza kog ne stoji niko određen.

4

Pasiv kod glagola bez objekta

✗ What was happened?

✗ He was died in 1950

✗ Prices were risen

✓ What happened?

He died in 1950, Prices rose. Srpski perfekat se gradi sa „biti“: „umro je“, „cene su porasle“, pa was + treći oblik zvuči kao poznat obrazac. Ali engleski Past Simple nema be, a pasiv imaju samo glagoli sa objektom.

5

raise umesto rise, laying umesto lying

✗ Prices raised again → ✓ Prices rose again. „Cene su se podigle“ — srpski „dizati se“ i „dizati“ razlikuje samo rečcom „se“, pa se za oba uzme raise. U engleskom su to dva glagola. ✗ I was laying on the beach → ✓ I was lying on the beach: „ležati“ i „staviti“ su u srpskom različite reči, ali lay postoji u oba engleska glagola, i ruka ga piše tamo gde treba lie.

6

been umesto being

✗ The road is been repaired

✓ The road is being repaired

(popravlja se sada) ili The road has been repaired (već je popravljen). Reči liče na sluh, a u srpskom razliku nosi glagolski oblik: „popravlja se“ — „popravljen je“. U engleskom je nosi par is being — has been.

Izgovor

4 min

Spona je nenaglašena, naglasak je na trećem obliku. It was built in 1890 — /ɪt wəz ˈbɪlt/, The road has been closed — /həz bɪn ˈkləʊzd/. was, has, been se stapaju u kratak nenaglašen slog, i na sluh se treba osloniti na glavni glagol.

being i been se razlikuju brojem slogova. being /ˈbiːɪŋ/ — dva sloga, been /biːn/, u brzom govoru /bɪn/ — jedan. is being repaired /ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ rɪˈpeəd/ naspram has been repaired /həz bɪn rɪˈpeəd/.

lie, lay, laid se razlikuju samoglasnikom: lie /laɪ/ — kao u my; lay /leɪ/ — kao u day; laid /leɪd/ — isti glas sa /d/ na kraju.

rise i raise se završavaju na /z/, a ne na /s/: rise /raɪz/, rose /rəʊz/, risen /ˈrɪzn/; raise /reɪz/, raised /reɪzd/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Our bakery is in a small market town in Yorkshire. It has been run by the same family since 1952, and every loaf is still made by hand. Customers often ask how it is done, so here is the whole process.

The work starts at four in the morning. First, the flour is weighed and mixed with water, salt and yeast. The dough is then covered with a cloth and left in a warm place, and over the next two hours it slowly rises. While it is rising, the ovens are heated. Next, the dough is cut into pieces, and each piece is shaped by hand. The loaves are laid on long wooden trays and baked for about forty minutes. Then they are left by an open window to cool.

By seven o'clock the first bread has been delivered to three local cafés, and at eight the shop is opened.

This week the kitchen is being repainted, so fewer loaves are being baked than usual. And there is one more piece of news. Last year the price of flour rose sharply, so our prices had to be raised by ten pence a loaf. We were worried, but so far nobody has complained.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

35 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. Coffee (grow) in Brazil and Colombia
  2. The road (repair) at the moment, so take the other way
  3. This bridge (build) in 1890
  4. Our flight (cancel), so we're staying another night
  5. The results (publish) next Friday
  6. When we got to the cinema, all the tickets (sell)
  7. This form must (sign) by both parents
  8. The car (wash) when I arrived, so I waited outside
Prikaži odgovore
is grown; is being repaired; was built; has been cancelled; will be published; had been sold / had already been sold; be signed; was being washed

2. Prepiši u pasivu.

  1. Somebody stole my bike last night.
  2. They clean the office every evening.
  3. They are building a new school near our house.
  4. Someone has broken the kitchen window.
  5. They will announce the winner tomorrow.
  6. You must switch off mobile phones during the exam.
Prikaži odgovore
My bike was stolen last night; The office is cleaned every evening; A new school is being built near our house; The kitchen window has been broken; The winner will be announced tomorrow; Mobile phones must be switched off during the exam

3. Stavi lie, lay, rise ili raise

  1. Yesterday I in bed until eleven
  2. She the baby on the bed and closed the door quietly
  3. Prices have again this year
  4. If you have a question, please your hand
  5. The dog was in the sun all afternoon
  6. Last month our rent by fifty pounds. (gazda je tako odlučio)
  7. In June the sun before five
  8. The new carpet on Monday, so please don't walk on it yet. (neko ga je postavio)
Prikaži odgovore
lay; laid; risen; raise; lying; was raised; rises; was laid

4. Pretvori

  1. The bridge was built in 1890. (pitanje sa when)
  2. The room is cleaned every day. (odrična rečenica)
  3. The road has been repaired. (da-ne pitanje sa yet)
  4. The results will be published tomorrow. (odrična rečenica)
Prikaži odgovore
When was the bridge built?; The room isn't cleaned every day / The room is not cleaned every day; Has the road been repaired yet?; The results won't be published tomorrow / The results will not be published tomorrow

5. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. This house was build in 1890.
  2. What was happened last night?
  3. I was laying on the sofa when the phone rang.
  4. He rose his hand and asked a question.
  5. The road is been repaired, so the buses are late.
  6. Prices were risen twice last year.
  7. In this shop sell fresh bread every morning.
Prikaži odgovore
This house was built in 1890; What happened last night?; I was lying on the sofa when the phone rang; He raised his hand and asked a question; The road is being repaired, so the buses are late; Prices rose twice last year / Prices were raised twice last year; Fresh bread is sold in this shop every morning / In this shop fresh bread is sold every morning / This shop sells fresh bread every morning / They sell fresh bread in this shop every morning / In this shop they sell fresh bread every morning

6. Prepiši tako da počneš od osobe.

  1. They gave me a form at the entrance.
  2. They showed us the way to the station.
  3. They have offered her a job in London.
Prikaži odgovore
I was given a form at the entrance; We were shown the way to the station; She has been offered a job in London

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Ovaj most je sagrađen 1890. godine. 2) Moj auto upravo popravljaju. 3) Šta se desilo? — Ukrali su mi bicikl. 4) Cene su opet porasle. 5) Na ulazu su mi dali mapu. 6) Juče sam ceo dan proležao u krevetu.

Prikaži odgovore
This bridge was built in 1890; My car is being repaired at the moment / My car is being repaired now; What happened? — My bike has been stolen / What happened? — My bike was stolen; Prices have risen again; I was given a map at the entrance; I lay in bed all day yesterday

8. Ispričaj kako se to radi.

Opiši u pet-šest rečenica postupak koji dobro poznaješ: kako se sprema tvoje omiljeno jelo, kako se šalje paket, kako izgleda ispit. Onoga ko radi ne navodi; reči first, then, next, after that pomoći će ti da držiš redosled.

Primer: First the potatoes are washed and cut into pieces. Then they are boiled in salted water for twenty minutes. After that the water is poured away, and butter and milk are added. The potatoes are mashed with a fork. The dish is served hot.

Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: pasiv u svim poznatim vremenima i sa modalnim glagolima, odrična rečenica i pitanje u pasivu, being i been, tri razloga da se izabere pasiv, by, pasiv sa dva objekta; pasiv samo kod glagola sa objektom — parovi lie i lay, rise i raise. Sledi lekcija 14: naručiti uslugu.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 86

opciono

Reči za špil

18 reči
  • lie /laɪ/ ležati
  • lay /leɪ/ staviti, položiti
  • rise /raɪz/ dizati se, rasti
  • raise /reɪz/ podići
  • bakery /ˈbeɪkəri/ pekara
  • loaf /ləʊf/ vekna
  • flour /ˈflaʊə/ brašno
  • dough /dəʊ/ testo
  • yeast /jiːst/ kvasac
  • weigh /weɪ/ meriti (težinu)
  • oven /ˈʌvn/ rerna, peć
  • tray /treɪ/ pleh (za pečenje)
  • by hand /baɪ ˈhænd/ ručno
  • sharply /ˈʃɑːpli/ naglo
  • publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ objaviti
  • steal /stiːl/ ukrasti
  • sign /saɪn/ potpisati
  • announce /əˈnaʊns/ saopštiti, najaviti

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o zgradi koju dobro poznaješ ili o tome kako se nešto radi u tvom gradu: kada je sagrađena, šta je s njom urađeno, šta se radi sada, šta će se raditi kasnije. Bar četiri različita vremena u pasivu.

Primer

The library in our town was built in 1905. It was badly damaged in a fire in the sixties, and the roof had to be replaced. Since then it has been repaired twice. At the moment the reading room is being painted, so it is closed to visitors. It will be opened again next month. The building is visited by hundreds of people every week.

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