Tatabahasa ~20 min daripada teras tinggal

Menerangkan kelewatan

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh menerangkan mengapa saya lewat dengan mengaitkan sebab dan akibat.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 18–20 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

4 min

Penerangan tentang kelewatan biasanya terdiri daripada dua kala lampau bersama-sama (pelajaran 2): latar dan peristiwa.

I was waiting for the bus when it started to rain.
While I was driving, the car broke down.
I was walking to the station when I saw the accident.

Sebab dan akibat — empat perkataan, dan susunannya berbeza:

apa yang menyusul contoh
because sebab I was late because the bus didn't come.
so akibat The bus didn't come, so I was late.
because of sebab dalam bentuk KATA NAMA I was late because of the traffic.
that's why akibat The bus didn't come. That's why I was late.

because — sebelum ayat yang lengkap, because of — sebelum kata nama. Ini dua binaan yang berbeza, dan kedua-duanya tidak boleh tertukar.

Kata sendi nama arah dalam cerita tentang perjalanan (lanjutan daripada A1 #22): get to work, walk across the park, drive past the station, go along the street.

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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

because of sebelum ayat

✗ because of the bus didn't come

✓ because the bus didn't come

atau because of the bus. “Kerana” digunakan sebelum kata nama (“kerana kesesakan”) dan sebelum ayat (“kerana bas tidak datang”); bahasa Inggeris memerlukan dua bentuk.

2

because dan so dalam satu ayat

✗ Because the bus didn't come, so I was late

✓ Because the bus didn't come, I was late

atau The bus didn't come, so I was late. Pola “oleh sebab…, jadi…” biasa dalam bahasa Melayu, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggeris hanya satu daripadanya dipilih: sebab dengan because, atau akibat dengan so.

3

Latar tanpa was + -ing

✗ I waited for the bus when it started to rain

✗ I waiting for the bus

✓ I was waiting for the bus when it started to rain

“Sedang” sering ditinggalkan, dan walaupun digunakan, ia hanya satu perkataan; bentuk bahasa Inggeris terdiri daripada dua bahagian — was/were dan -ing (pelajaran 2).

Sebutan

3 min

Di sempadan perkataan konsonan bersambung, dan frasa kedengaran seperti satu perkataan panjang:

ditulis kedengaran
an accident /əˈnæksɪdənt/
because of /bɪˈkɒzəv/
got up /ɡɒˈtʌp/

Konsonan akhir berpindah ke perkataan berikutnya jika perkataan itu bermula dengan vokal. Jangan berhenti di antara perkataan: ini bukan kecuaian, tetapi asas rentak bahasa Inggeris.

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Teks

3 min

I'm sorry I'm late. I was waiting for the bus for twenty minutes, but it didn't come. While I was walking to the station, it started to rain. There was a lot of traffic because of an accident, so the taxi was slow too. I got here at ten past nine — that's why I missed the beginning.

Latihan

8–10 min

1. Isian tempat kosong.

  1. I (wait) for the bus when it (start) to rain
  2. While I (drive), the car (break) down
Tunjukkan jawapan
was waiting / started; was driving / broke.

2. Isian tempat kosong.

  1. I was late the bus didn't come
  2. I was late the traffic
  3. The bus didn't come, I was late
Tunjukkan jawapan
because, because of, so.

3. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. I was late because of the bus didn't come.
  2. I was late so the bus didn't come.
  3. I waited for the bus when it started to rain.
Tunjukkan jawapan
I was late because the bus didn't come. / I was late because of the bus.; The bus didn't come, so I was late. / I was late because the bus didn't come.; I was waiting for the bus when it started to rain.

4. Gabungkan menjadi satu ayat.

  1. dengan perkataan because
  2. dengan perkataan so
Tunjukkan jawapan
I was late because the bus didn't come. / Because the bus didn't come, I was late.; The bus didn't come, so I was late.
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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari

  • dua kala lampau dalam satu cerita
  • because berbanding because of
  • so
  • that's why

Seterusnya — pelajaran 32: menelefon dan menjemput.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 68

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

12 perkataan
  • traffic /ˈtræfɪk/ lalu lintas, kesesakan
  • accident /ˈæksɪdənt/ kemalangan
  • traffic jam /ˈtræfɪk dʒæm/ kesesakan lalu lintas
  • break down /breɪk ˈdaʊn/ rosak (tentang kereta)
  • miss /mɪs/ terlepas, ketinggalan
  • beginning /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ permulaan
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ tepat pada masanya
  • rush hour /ˈrʌʃ aʊə/ waktu puncak
  • roadworks /ˈrəʊdwɜːks/ kerja-kerja jalan raya
  • because of /bɪˈkɒz əv/ kerana, disebabkan (+ kata nama)
  • that's why /ðæts ˈwaɪ/ itulah sebabnya
  • sorry /ˈsɒri/ maaf

Penulisan

Empat ayat — penerangan tentang kelewatan, dengan because dan dengan so.

Contoh

I'm sorry I'm late. I was waiting for the bus for twenty minutes, but it didn't come. There was a lot of traffic because of an accident, so the taxi was slow. That's why I missed the beginning.

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